Cariology

Karyology is a science that studies the structure, functions and genetic changes of chromosomes, chromosomal diseases and heredity. This area of ​​science is one of the most important in medical genetics and is associated with the study of genes, health genes, diseases and physical condition of a person. Karyological analysis is carried out to determine the structure and functional composition of each person’s DNA, which makes it possible to identify possible diseases associated with errors in the genetic material. Moreover, karyological studies are indispensable for the study of pedigrees, helping to understand the genetic factors that determine the health and characteristics of the body.

Karyology has wide practical applications, including in the fields of medicine, developmental studies, and plant and animal ecology. It also provides a deeper understanding of human genetic diversity, which is fundamental to the evolution of life on Earth.

One of the most common methods of karyology is cytogenetics, which involves examining chromosomes inside the cell nucleus under a microscope. This helps detect structural abnormalities or mutations in genetic mechanisms that may lead to poor health or disease. Some examples of diseases associated with karyology include Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, Patau syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Fanconi anemia.

Another method of karyological research is the study of karyotype, which includes the characteristics of the complete set of chromosomes in an organism cell (23 pairs of sexually mature ones). This allows the number of chromosomes and their structure, such as their size and position in the cell nucleus, to be determined. Using karyological analysis, it is also possible to predict