Diabetes Syndrome

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) syndrome is a complex of symptoms associated with impaired glucose metabolism in the body. The development of this disease is based on various reasons, including genetic factors, as well as various exogenous factors. Despite all the advances in medicine, diabetes remains one of the most common diseases in the world.

Classification of diabetes mellitus **According to the mechanism of development:** Primary or idiopathic diabetes is a form of the disease caused by the occurrence of a carbohydrate metabolism disorder without an established causal cause. This option is represented by a variety of clinical phenotypes, quite different from each other both in the level of insulin resistance and in the aggressiveness of the disease. Secondary or secondary diabetes is a pathological condition that occurs after primary diabetes, which is represented by severe severe forms of diabetes in the presence of chronic pathology (viral and oncological processes, pathologies of the cardiovascular and hepatopancreatoduodenal system, complications of primary clinical forms of diabetes, elderly patients, children and adolescents ). **Classification by glucosuria:** Type I - increased production of glucagon-releasing peptide by hypothalamic neurons under the influence of stress hormones, weakened insulin secretion, hyperinsulinemia. There is a second, central stage (nephrogenic diabetes), manifested by a violation of the secretory function of beta cells of the pancreas. Type II - impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin (metabolic diabetic autonomic neuropathy), a change in the ability of beta cells to synthesize hormonal substances and a defect in the entry of glucose into cells. There are two stages: the early vascular stage and the stage of damage to the beta-cell system. Occurs with prolonged insulin deficiency. Patients are characterized by insulin resistance and insulin deficiency syndrome. The second phase is accompanied by weight loss and progression of glycosuria. The variable form is a periodic defect in insulin production with the development of severe symptoms of abdominal and metabolic disorders. Other reasons. In patients with this diabetes, in addition to insulin units, the production of counterinsular factors (corticosteroids, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin) may be increased. Also, the cause of the development of the disease in a child may be a long-term form of thyrotoxicosis. **Syndromes in diabetes mellitus** Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. This is a significant decrease in enzyme activity, as a result of which many acids of the pyruvic dicarboxylic type are formed. A feature of this disorder is that the function of the beta cells of the pancreas is not impaired, but they cannot produce insulin in the required manner.