Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is a common form of cardiomyopathy characterized primarily by thickening of the interventricular septum and impaired left ventricular diastolic function. In men, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is observed 4 times more often than in women. The average age of patients is 50 years, although the disease can occur in all age groups, including children. Primary symptoms of the disease do not appear for a long time. Most patients consult a doctor about habitual arrhythmias or heart failure. The ECG reveals deformations of the T wave and QRS complex, which are also recorded in other forms of cardiomyopathy. However, the S-T interval is reduced regardless of the shape of the Q wave. Sometimes there is a diffuse increase in the PR interval. When assessing the morphology of the myocardium, it is important to record an ECG not only from the extremities, but also from the upper and lower parts of the chest, where in some cases signs of left ventricular overload and dilatation of the left atrium cavity are also found. At rest, the inferior wall of the left ventricle is thickened to varying degrees. The increase in the thickness of the septum is asymmetrical. There is deformation of the mitral valve leaflets, which have a pointed triangular shape; The doors do not straighten well, and they may become shortened. The intramural section of the interventricular septum is sharply thickened. Left ventricular hypertrophy is accompanied by more pronounced forms with a significant predominance of muscle mass in the organ cavity. On the part of the heart, rhythm disturbances such as supraventricular extrasystoles, atrioventricular migration of the pacemaker, as well as episodes of parasystole, accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of the first sound at the apex of the heart, are determined. Ventricular tachycardia usually immediately turns into fibrillation with an intense pulse at the wrist and subsequent circulatory arrest, due to the rapid delivery of a blood clot to the left atrioventricular orifice on the AoB valve. Severe venous tachycardia may develop with the appearance of swollen veins in the neck. The VNS is characterized by a short diastole with an accent of the first tone. The obstructive form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is manifested by the following main manifestations: gradual shortening of the R-R interval to two or less seconds, attacks of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, episodes of sudden death and

Cardiomyopathy: Understanding and Perspectives

Introduction:
Cardiomyopathy is a group of heart diseases characterized by structural and functional changes in the myocardium (heart muscle) unrelated to a known cause, such as hypertension or coronary artery disease. This is a serious condition that can lead to heart failure, heart rhythm problems, and even death. In this article we will look at the main types of cardiomyopathy, their causes, symptoms and possible treatment approaches.

Types of cardiomyopathy:
There are several types of cardiomyopathy, including dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and irregular right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by dilation of the heart cavities and weakening of contractile function. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by thickening of the myocardial walls, which can lead to disruption of normal blood flow. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is associated with myocardial stiffness, which prevents the heart from filling normally with blood. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is associated with abnormalities in the electrical activity of the heart, which can lead to serious arrhythmias and impaired cardiac function.

Causes of cardiomyopathy:
Cardiomyopathy can be inherited or acquired. The inherited form is often associated with genetic mutations that affect the structure and function of the heart. Acquired forms can be caused by various factors, such as infections, autoimmune diseases, chronic heart rhythm disorders, toxic substances, alcohol and certain medications.

Symptoms and diagnosis:
Symptoms of cardiomyopathy can vary depending on the type and severity of heart failure. These may include shortness of breath, fatigue, leg swelling, palpitations, dizziness and fainting. Diagnosis of cardiomyopathy includes a physical examination, blood tests, an electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, and sometimes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) of the heart.

Treatment and prognosis:
Treatment for cardiomyopathy depends on its type and cause. It may include drug therapy to control symptoms and improve heart function, the use of medical devices such as cardioverter defibrillators or resynchronization devices, and in some cases surgery such as a heart transplant or mechanical heart implantation. The prognosis of cardiomyopathy varies depending on its type and severity, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. In some cases, early detection and adequate treatment can improve the patient's prognosis and quality of life.

Perspectives and Research:
Modern research in the field of cardiomyopathy is aimed at understanding genetic mechanisms, better predicting the risk of developing the disease and developing new treatments. Advances in genetic testing can identify genetic mutations associated with cardiomyopathy, which helps in more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Research is also focused on developing new drugs and technologies, such as gene therapy and stem cell therapy, that may provide new options for treating cardiomyopathy and improving patient prognosis.

Conclusion:
Cardiomyopathy is a serious condition that requires attention and a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the different types and causes of cardiomyopathy helps doctors determine optimal treatment strategies and improve patients' prognosis. Continuous research in this area opens up new prospects for more effective treatment and prevention of cardiomyopathy.