Biotype

**Biotypes** represent the main types of natural selection known since ancient times. The word "biotype" was coined by the English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858 and is formed from two parts - "bio", which in Greek means "life", and the Greek "typos", which means "form". Biotypes are not the morphological or anatomical and physiological characteristics of organisms, but complexes of such characteristics that can be traced in time and space in the same species of organisms [1–3]. In reality, the term “biotropes” is most often mentioned in the scientific literature as a synonym for “biotypes”.

It has been proposed to distinguish biotypes of different levels of organization of living things: macro-, micro- and nanobiotypes, which are the main types of natural selection (or forms of adaptation) characteristic of individual types of organic nature, but each of them at the level of the organism is transformed into its genotypic matrix [4], see also the Wikipedia article https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotype. This occurs for species throughout the plant and animal spheres of life.

Biotypes differ from each other in the genetic basis of their origin, the course and speed of evolutionary changes, and the characteristics of the functioning and vital activity of various organs and systems of organisms.

The term “biotype” was introduced by Charles Darwin in his work “The Origin of Species” (1877) in order to describe groups of individuals of the same species as systems of interconnected and interacting with each other in different directions, a mosaic of lifestyle in space and time, which