Directional Retinal Effect

The retinal directional effect is a phenomenon observed in the human visual system in which the direction in which an object moves on the retina can influence its perception. This effect was discovered and described in the 1950s by American scientist James Stiles.

The retinal directional effect occurs because nerve cells in the retina respond to an object moving in a certain direction. For example, if an object moves in a direction that coincides with the direction of movement of the eyeball, then nerve cells react to this movement and transmit information to the brain. However, if an object moves in the opposite direction, the nerve cells do not respond to this movement and the information is not transmitted to the brain.

This effect has important implications for our perception of the world around us. For example, when we look at a moving object, our brain can use the retinal directional effect to determine the direction the object is moving and decide how to respond to it.

However, the retinal guidance effect may be impaired in some eye diseases such as glaucoma or cataracts. In such cases, nerve cells may not respond to the movement of an object, which can lead to visual impairment.

Thus, the retinal directional effect is an important mechanism in our visual perception and can be used to improve treatments for certain eye diseases.

The directional effect of the Retina is the effect of concentrating light rays and converting them into a sequence of nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain. It occurs when light passes through the eyeball and the amplitude of the light wave changes depending on the angle of its direction to the pupil. This effect explains why we see things from above or below, such as when we look at the sky or read a book.

The directional effect occurs due to cones (not photoreceptors), which are special cells in the retina of the eye. Cones are located in the center of the retina and are capable of detecting colors. They contain a special pigment - rhodopsin, which reacts to light and turns into a kind of “lit” cell.

When light acts on the cones, they generate nerve impulses and transmit them to the brain through the optic nerve. The brain processes information about light to create an image.

In addition, the eye has reflex muscles called the ciliary muscle, which works similarly to the muscles of the diaphragm. When exposed to light, the ciliary muscle contracts and allows more light to pass into the cones. This is why we can see objects at a distance.