Glomerular Filtration

Glomerular filtration is the process of primary urine formation that occurs in the kidneys. This process is one of the key mechanisms for regulating blood volume and the concentration of various substances in the body.

The process of glomerular filtration begins with the blood passing through the capillaries of the glomeruli of the kidneys. In the capillaries, the blood is under high hydrostatic pressure, which is created due to the work of the heart and the movement of blood through the vessels. However, in the glomeruli the blood pressure decreases due to the difference between the hydrostatic pressure and the sum of the onco-osmotic pressure and the hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capsule. This leads to the fact that blood plasma begins to filter through the pores of the glomerular capillaries.

Plasma filtration occurs because molecules that cannot pass through the pores, such as proteins, lipids and other macromolecules, remain in the blood plasma, while water and some other small molecules pass through the pores and enter the primary urine.

Glomerular filtration plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the body, as it ensures the removal of various substances from the blood, such as hormones, toxins and metabolites. In addition, this process also regulates the volume of blood in the body, as it depends on the amount of primary urine produced in the kidneys over a certain period of time.

Impaired glomerular filtration can lead to various kidney diseases, such as glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome and others. Therefore, to maintain normal kidney function and maintain homeostasis, it is necessary to monitor the condition of the kidneys and control the amount of primary urine produced.

Glomerular filtration is the process of formation of primary (or ultrafiltration) urine from blood plasma through the renal glomeruli in the renal tubules. The filtration process is that the membranes of the glomerular capillaries allow only small molecules of water, glucose or other substances to pass through. In addition, renal epithelial cells secrete a special enzyme called aldose reaso, which enhances filtration.

Based on Hilaire's formula, the filtration process can be represented as follows:

V = Pim/(Pin - Pm) where V is the volume of primary urine; Pm - osmotic pressure of primary urine; Pin - plasma osmomatic pressure; Pim is the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid (water that fills the dermis of the skin).

This process is one of the most important processes occurring in the human body, since it ensures the release of toxins, salts, hormones and other substances that must be removed from the body. Insufficient kidney function leads to serious consequences such as edema, anemia and hypertension.