Heterosis

Heterosis is a phenomenon in genetics that describes an increase in phenotypic characteristics in hybrid individuals compared to both parental lines. This effect can be seen in various aspects of life, such as plant hardiness, disease resistance, and productivity.

One of the most famous examples of heterosis is the increase in yield of hybrid plants. For example, a hybrid between two varieties of corn can produce a larger yield than either parent variety. This happens because the genes responsible for high yield may be different in the two parental lines, and in the hybrid individual they are combined, which leads to increased yield.

Heterosis can also manifest itself in disease resistance. Research has shown that hybrid plants have higher disease resistance than the parent lines. This is because the genes responsible for disease resistance may be different in different parental lines, and in the hybrid individual they combine, resulting in higher disease resistance.

In addition, heterosis can manifest itself in physical endurance. Research has shown that children born to parents of different races or species have greater physical endurance than children born to parents who are genetically similar. This is due to the fact that the genes responsible for physical endurance may be different in different parental lines, and in a hybrid individual they are combined, which leads to an increase in physical endurance.

In general, heterosis is an important phenomenon in genetics, which can lead to increased endurance, disease resistance and other beneficial properties in hybrid individuals. This phenomenon can be used in agriculture to increase productivity and resistance to plant diseases, as well as in sports to increase physical endurance in athletes.

Heterozygosity Individuals are called heterozygotes if their cells contain genes from different allelic pairs. They can be the products of crossing heterozygotes with each other or with one of the homozygous individuals. Such crossing, with independent inheritance of traits into two newly obtained individuals, can lead to a rather unpredictable effect, because each individual receives the genes of different alleles. However, heterosis is also characteristic of inbreeding - here they are a consequence of the transfer of a partial heterogeneous genome by a distant genome. The main advantage of such individuals is their increased overall potential. It is thanks to him that they are often used to breed new breeds of livestock, for example, for crossing cattle, it is important to summarize the positive effects of high milk yield and high milk yield, and vice versa for sheep breeding. Among other things, heterositicity can increase the productivity of offspring when crossing different forms with the same trait. This increases the heterogeneity of the final result.

Introduction

Heterosis or heterosis is a phenomenon known in biology and breeding of plants and animals, which consists of increasing endurance, disease resistance and other indicators observed in hybrids between species with different genotypes. In this article we will look at this term and its application in medicine and genetics.

Concept of heterosis

Genetics is a science that studies the laws of heredity and variability of living organisms. Its most important section is cytology - the study of cells. The foundations of life are based on this. The study of genes and hereditary characteristics of the body allowed the development of the science of selection. selection is a science whose goal is to improve existing and create new species and breeds of domestic animals and plants that have improved qualities for humans. Heterosis (hybrid vigor) is understood as the phenomenon of enhanced manifestation of genetic properties in a hybrid inherited from both parents during crossing, compared to the properties of the same species that have pure lines.

Compared to a classic intervarietal or interspecific artificial hybrid, where the phenomenon of phenotypic enhancement is adaptive in nature and manifests itself after many generations of selection and crossing, in pure lines of pure races it arises only as a result of reverse mutation of a heterozygous organism after many thousands of generations. Potential power of reverse mutational variability in the conditions of modern somatic selection