Endoplasmic Reticulum (Er)

The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a complex membrane system that is present inside the cytoplasm of cells. It consists of a continuous cavity bounded by a membrane. The RE is an important cell organelle that performs many functions necessary for its survival and functioning.

RE can be of two types: rough and smooth. Rough RE (RER) has ribosomes attached to its outer surface, whereas smooth RE (SER) does not have ribosomes. Ribosomes on the RER are responsible for protein synthesis, while the SER performs functions related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.

Protein synthesis at the RER begins with the translation of mRNA on ribosomes. These proteins are then transferred to the RER cavity, where they undergo a process of post-translational modification such as glycosylation and protein folding in the RER space. The proteins are then transported to their destination inside or outside the cell.

SER has multiple functions related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. It is involved in the synthesis of numerous lipids such as phospholipids and triglycerides, and is also involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates such as glycogen. SER also plays an important role in cell detoxification by removing toxic compounds and drugs.

In addition, RE plays an important role in signaling between cells. It can form contact sites with other membrane systems in the cell, such as the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and peroxisomes.

Overall, the Endoplasmic Reticulum is an important organelle that performs many functions necessary for cell survival and function. Its two types, RER and SER, have different functions related to protein synthesis and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, respectively. RE also plays an important role in signaling between cells.

Endoplasmic reticulum (abbreviated Er) is a collection of membrane structures in the cytoplasm of a cell, which represent a single continuous cavity. Its main function is the synthesis and transport of various substances within the cell.

There are two types of reticulum: rough and smooth. The rough reticulum has ribosomes on its surface and performs the function of protein synthesis and transport. The smooth reticulum does not have ribosomes and performs the functions of synthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, as well as their transport within the cell.

The endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus (otherwise slit-like pinocytosis), or simply the endoplasmic reticulum, or endoplasm has a very important function - this is synthesis. It has a specific structure that facilitates the transport of various molecules. The main part of the endoplasm is a smooth region surrounded by membranes. Here lipids, carbohydrates and other substances are synthesized. A number of cells also have a rough area. It is attached to the smooth one, but is located much closer to the nucleus and contains more ribosomes. If there is any problem with the smooth part membrane, then the synthesis stops. There is also a deterioration in the transport function of substances important for the functioning of the body (for example, energy). The smooth region may be divided into several parts called sub-endoplasmic vesicles. They contain various proteins, including small and large ones. These are insoluble elements that protect the cell from damage. The rough part of the endoplasm is like a cell. It contains all the necessary tools. This contains ribosomes. These are complexes consisting of proteins and ribonucleoproteins. With their help, a number of processes occur. One of them is the synthesis of specific proteins that perform various functions. These include signal transmission within the body, ion binding, and so on.