Allergenicity

Allergenicity: understanding and role of allergic reactions

Allergenicity is a key concept in the field of allergology and immunology. The term “allergenicity” is derived from the Greek words “allergy” (allos - “other”, ergon - “reaction”) and “genes” (generative). It reflects the ability of certain substances to cause allergic reactions in humans or animals.

An allergy is an unusual and often unpredictable reaction of the immune system to normally harmless substances such as pollen, food, pollen, mold, insects and other allergens. In people with allergies, the immune system reacts to these substances, perceiving them as a threat and starting a chain reaction of events that leads to various allergic symptoms.

Allergens can be of different origins and nature. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, polysaccharides and other chemical compounds. Examples of allergens include flower pollen, house dust, pets, insects, foods (such as dairy, eggs, nuts, seafood, and wheat), drugs, synthetic materials, and many others.

The mechanisms of allergic reactions are complex and involve the interaction of the allergen with the body's immune system. After contact with an allergen, immune cells in the body begin to produce antibodies, mainly IgE, which bind to mastocytes and basophils - cells containing granules with inflammatory mediators. Upon repeated contact with the allergen, antibodies bind to it, which leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, serotonin and prostaglandin. This causes various symptoms of an allergic reaction, including itching, hives, swelling, runny nose, asthma and anaphylaxis.

Allergenicity can be inherited and associated with genetic factors. People who have a family history of allergic reactions have an increased risk of developing allergies. However, the environment and other external factors also play an important role in the occurrence of allergic reactions. Changes in lifestyle, including increased exposure to allergens, pollution, and changes in diet, may contribute to an increase in allergies.

Diagnosis of allergies and identification of the allergens causing the reaction are carried out using a variety of methods, including skin tests, blood tests to determine the level of specific antibodies and challenge tests. Once an allergy diagnosis is made, it is important to take steps to prevent exposure to allergens and treat symptoms. Treatment may include antiallergy medications, immunotherapy, lifestyle changes, and diet.

Allergenicity is a major public health concern as allergic diseases become increasingly common. The impact of allergies on patients' quality of life can be significant, limiting their physical activity, social interactions and daily activities. Therefore, it is necessary to continue research in the field of allergenicity in order to better understand the mechanisms of development of allergic reactions, develop new diagnostic and treatment methods, and also take measures to prevent allergic diseases.

In conclusion, allergenicity is the ability of certain substances to cause allergic reactions in humans and animals. Allergies are the result of an unusual reaction of the immune system to normally safe substances. Understanding the mechanisms of allergic reactions and identifying allergens play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases. Further research into allergenicity is needed to improve the management of allergic reactions and reduce their impact on people's health and quality of life.