Anaphase

Anaphase is the third stage of mitosis and each cell division in meiosis.

During mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis, chromatids separate and transform into daughter chromosomes. After this, the daughter chromosomes begin to move in different directions, to opposite poles of the cell.

In anaphase I of meiosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes separate. They separate from each other and are drawn to different poles of the cell.

Thus, in anaphase, physical separation of chromosomes occurs, which prepares the cell for subsequent division into two daughter cells. This process is key to the proper distribution of genetic material between new cells.

Anaphase is the third stage of mitosis, which occurs after prophase and metaphase. Anaphase is an important stage of cell division, since it is at this stage that the chromosomes separate and transform into two new daughter cells.

Anaphase occurs in two stages: anaphase I and anaphase II. In anaphase I, pairs of homologous chromosomes, which are located at opposite poles of the cell, separate. Each pair of chromosomes splits into two separate chromosomes. This occurs through the action of enzyme proteins called mitotic spindle proteins. These proteins form a structure called the mitotic spindle, which allows chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the cell.

After the pairs of chromosomes have separated, anaphase II begins, during which the chromosomes begin to move toward opposite poles of the cell. This process occurs due to the fact that chromosomes have a negative charge, and the cell membrane has a positive charge. This creates a repulsive force between the chromosomes and the cell membrane, which causes them to move towards opposite poles.

Many other important processes occur during anaphase, such as DNA replication and the synthesis of proteins and other molecules necessary for the development of a new cell. Anaphase ends with the formation of two new daughter cells, each containing a complete set of chromosomes.

Anaphase

Anaphase is the third stage of cell division, during which the daughter chromosomes separate to the poles of the spindle. The anaphase stage occurs after the division of centromeres into prophase and metaphase, and precedes telophase - the stage of preparation of dividing cells for the formation of products - cytoplasm, vacuoles and ribosomes of new young cells. Anaphase is also called “separation of homologous chromatids.” Below we will look at the details of this process.

History of terms The name “anaphase” was proposed in 1864 by the German scientist Robert Repreval. He observed the division of a mitotic cell in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and called the transition from metaphase to the next prometaphase "anaphasis" - "transition to the other side" or "turn". An almost similar name was used by Charles Darwin to describe the change in phases of meiosis: Darwin did not find the term “anaphase” appropriate, so he proposed calling meiotic anaphase dissolation. This is still the name given to experiments on the separation of homologous chromosomes. What happens in anaphase of mitosis In anaphase, each daughter chromosome moves to the opposite pole, where the process of formation of a daughter cell occurs. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules that are packaged in strands of nucleotides - “beads”, interconnected by phosphate bonds and also called nucleososomes.