Anatomical and Physiological Features of the Children's Organism

Introduction

The article discusses the main anatomical and physiological features of the child’s body in the first year of life. Particular attention is paid to the development of the central nervous system, sensory organs, respiratory, cardiovascular and other systems of the child’s body.

Main part

1. The leading role in the development of a child belongs to the central nervous system, which regulates the functioning of internal organs and connects the body with the external environment.

2. At birth, the spinal cord is most developed.

3. The relative weight of the brain is 1/8 of the body weight; in the first year, the formation of nerve cells of the cortex occurs.

4. The excitability of the central nervous system is not the same: in some children excitation processes predominate, in others inhibition processes predominate.

5. The child's behavior is based on unconditioned and emerging conditioned reflexes.

1. The development of conditioned reflexes is influenced by the senses: vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste.

2. Vision develops from responding to light to looking at objects and distinguishing colors by 6 months.

3. Hearing develops from perceiving loud sounds to distinguishing soft sounds and identifying the source.

4. Taste and smell are developed from birth, the child prefers sweets.

5. The sense of touch is most sensitive on the palms, soles, and face.

1. The skin is delicate, vulnerable, and weakly performs a protective function.

2. The sebaceous glands are well developed, the sweat glands are poorly developed.

3. The mucous membranes are rich in blood vessels; inflammation causes swelling.

4. The subcutaneous fat layer increases rapidly.

1. The muscles are poorly developed, the tone of the flexors predominates.

2. There is a thickening of muscle fibers and an increase in muscle mass.

3. Massage and gymnastics promote proper development.

1. Cartilaginous tissue predominates, bones are soft and easily deformed.

2. Rapid growth of skull bones, closure of fontanelles by 1 year.

3. Formation of the curves of the spine as you grow.

4. Limited mobility of the chest and poor development of the pelvic bones.

1. Narrow nasal passages and inability to breathe through the mouth make breathing difficult.

2. Poor development of the lungs, predominance of diaphragmatic breathing.

3. The high need for oxygen is compensated by rapid breathing.

1. High relative weight and intensive growth of the heart in the first year.

2. Increased heart rate, low blood pressure.

3. Increased content of blood cells.

4. Poor development of lymph nodes.

Conclusion

Thus, in the first year of life, intensive anatomical and physiological development of all systems of the child’s body occurs. Proper care and hygiene are vital during this period.