Cholinergic

Cholinergic is a term used to describe neurons, nerve fibers and their endings that use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. This type of neurotransmitter is responsible for transmitting impulses in the nervous system of humans and other animals.

Cholinergic neurons are located in various areas of the brain, such as the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and cortex. They are also the basis for the functioning of the parasympathetic nervous system, which controls a number of important body functions such as digestion and breathing.

In addition, the term "cholinergic" is also used to describe drugs that are similar in action to acetylcholine. These substances are called medicinal parasympathomimetics and are used in medicine to treat various diseases.

One of the best known cholinergic drugs is pilocarpine, which is used to stimulate sweating and salivation. Additionally, cholinergic medications can also be used to treat Alzheimer's disease as they can increase acetylcholine levels in the brain, which helps improve cognitive function.

Unlike cholinergic neurons, adrenergic neurons use norepinephrine and epinephrine as neurotransmitters. They play an important role in regulating the body's internal state in response to stress and other physical and emotional factors.

In general, cholinergic and adrenergic types of neurotransmitters play an important role in the functioning of the nervous system and can be used in medicine to treat various diseases. These terms help scientists and physicians understand how different parts of the nervous system interact with each other and what mechanisms underlie various diseases.

Cholinergic neurons, fibers and endings in the human body use acetylcholine (ACh) to transmit nerve impulses at the synapses between nerve cells. This is called the cholinergic system. The cholinergic system plays an important role in regulating many body functions, including heart rate, breathing, digestion and many others.

The cholinergic system is often called the parasympathetic system because it activates the parasympathetic ganglia in the body. These ganglia control the activity of muscles such as the eyes and intestines. Activation of the parasympathetic ganglia leads to increased intestinal motility, which helps digest food and eliminate waste.

In addition, the cholinergic system also plays a role in regulating homeostasis and regulation of the central nervous system. For example, cholinergic fibers can activate the sleep-wake centers of the brain and also regulate the levels of hormones such as adrenaline and norepinephrine.

Drugs that act like acetylcholine are called parasympathomimetic. They can be used to treat various diseases associated with dysfunction of the parasympathetic system, such as Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.

However, it should be noted that the cholinergic and adrenergic systems are not mutually exclusive. Adrenergic receptors are also present in several tissues, including the heart and brain, and may play an important role in regulating various body functions.

Thus, the Cholinergic system plays a key role in the functioning of many organs and tissues in the human body. It is an important part of the parasympathetic nervous system and can be used to treat diseases associated with dysfunction of this system.

Cholinergies neurons, fibers and their endings transport acetylchol. Various substances used to treat certain diseases, like acetycholine, block (atropine-like effect) or activate cholinic receptors. The effect of “cholinistics” is manifested by dilation of the bronchi, decreased activity of intestinal motility, and suppression of the secretory function of the stomach. Destruction of the lateral nucleus of the cranial nerve facilitates counting and reduces the number of errors in arithmetic operations and their execution; this is a mild form of parkinsonism. Parasitic infections (opisthorchiasis, etc.) causing activation of opportunistic intestinal microbiota stimulate the cholinergic activity of cholera enteritis, i.e. inflammatory diarrheal diseases, the innervation of the ileum is regulated with the participation of cholinergic stimulating efferent nerve impulses, peristalsis slows down, the secretion of the prostate and salivary glands is stimulated, sweating increases , norepinephrine levels remain elevated. Cholinic hyporeactivity of peripheral organs (gastritis, pyloroduodenal sphincter, biliary sphincter and biliary tract, cardiac muscles of the gastrointestinal tract) underlies their dyskinesia.