An allergy is an increased sensitivity and altered response of the body's immune system to certain substances known as allergens. The term "allergy" was introduced by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke in 1906 and comes from the Greek words "allos" - different and "ergon" - action. It can manifest itself in various forms, including rhinitis, conjunctivitis, urticaria, dermatitis, bronchial asthma and anaphylactic shock.
An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system reacts to an allergen, viewing it as a threat to the body. Allergens can be a variety of substances, such as pollen, house dust, mold, insects, latex, foods, medications, cosmetics and others. Upon contact with an allergen, the immune system produces antibodies known as immunoglobulins type E (IgE), which trigger a chain of reactions in the body.
One of the key players in an allergic reaction is histamine. When exposed to an allergen, histamine molecules and other substances are released into the blood, causing vasodilation, fluid secretion from small vessels and redness of the skin. This can lead to irritation of the mucous membranes, causing symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing and itching.
The causes of allergies are not fully known. An allergic reaction can occur unexpectedly and disappear just as suddenly, although more often it becomes chronic. There is also a genetic predisposition to allergies, and if one parent suffers from allergies, there is a chance that the child may also develop allergic reactions.
Allergy symptoms can appear in different parts of the body. Allergic rhinitis is characterized by a runny nose, sneezing and itchy nose. Allergic conjunctivitis is manifested by lacrimation, a feeling of sand in the eyes, burning and photophobia. Skin manifestations of allergies include urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Some people may develop more serious reactions such as anaphylactic shock, which is an acute and severe condition often caused by medications or insect bites.
Treatment for allergies includes avoidance of allergens, medications to relieve symptoms, and immunotherapy, which aims to change the immune system's response to allergens. To relieve allergy symptoms, antihistamines, vasoconstrictor drops for the eyes and nose, and creams or ointments for the skin can be used. In some cases, the use of glucocorticosteroids or immunomodulators may be required.
Avoiding exposure to allergens is an important aspect of managing allergic reactions. This may include avoiding certain foods, using allergen-protective covers on mattresses and pillows, regularly cleaning your home to reduce dust and mold, and avoiding being outdoors during periods of high pollen concentrations.
In case of severe allergic reactions and anaphylactic shock, immediate medical attention is required. This may include the use of epinephrine (adrenaline) and hospitalization for further observation and treatment.
It is important to see a doctor to have your allergies diagnosed and treated. Your doctor may perform allergy tests, such as skin tests or blood tests, to identify the specific allergens causing the reaction and develop a personalized treatment plan.
I hope this information was helpful! If you have any more questions, don't hesitate to ask.