Carcinoma

Carcinoma: Understanding and Characteristics

Carcinoma, also known as cancer, is a type of malignant tumor that develops from epithelial cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body's organs. The term "carcinoma" comes from the Greek word "karkinoma", which means "ulcer" or "corroding ulcer". This reflects the destructive and invasive properties of the tumor, which can affect surrounding tissues and organs.

Carcinomas can occur in almost any part of the body where epithelial cells are present. They are usually classified according to the type of epithelium from which they originate. Some common types of carcinomas include squamous cell carcinoma (which originates from squamous epithelium, such as skin epithelium), adenocarcinoma (which originates from glandular epithelium, such as that of the stomach or lungs), and papillary carcinoma (which has a papillary structure and can occur in the thyroid gland or bladder).

The reasons for the development of carcinoma can vary, and they are often the result of a complex interaction of genetic, environmental and style factors. Some risk factors associated with the development of carcinoma include smoking, exposure to carcinogens, heredity, chronic inflammatory diseases, and certain infections such as human papillomavirus (HPV).

Symptoms of carcinoma may vary depending on its location and stage of development. Some common signs that may indicate the presence of carcinoma include the formation of a tumor or ulcer, unusual bleeding or discharge, changes in the size or shape of the tumor, and general symptoms such as weight loss, fatigue, and increased sensitivity to pain.

The diagnosis of carcinoma is usually based on a combination of methods, including the patient's medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and instrumental methods such as biopsy and educational testing (eg, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging).

Treatment for carcinoma may include surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these, depending on the type and stage of the tumor and the individual patient. Early detection and diagnosis of carcinoma play an important role in successful treatment and improved prognosis.

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research and treatment of carcinoma. New diagnostic methods, such as educational studies using modern medical technology, can more accurately determine the size and characteristics of a tumor. This allows you to choose the most effective and individually suitable treatment method.

In addition, the development of immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy opens new perspectives in the treatment of carcinoma. These methods aim to boost the body's immune system or block certain molecular mechanisms that promote tumor growth and spread. They may be particularly effective for certain types of carcinoma.

However, despite progress in treatment, carcinoma remains a serious disease that requires a comprehensive approach. Early seeking medical help when suspicious symptoms appear, regular medical examinations and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can play an important role in the prevention and early detection of carcinoma.

In conclusion, carcinoma is a dangerous and destructive type of cancer that can occur in various organs and tissues of the body. Early detection, accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment are key factors in controlling this disease. Continuous research and development of new treatment methods will help improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients suffering from carcinoma.

**Carcinoma** is a malignant tumor. It is one of the most common tumor diseases and the most malignant cancerous tumors in animals and humans. The study of carcinoma began to develop after the creation of drugs from chemical carcinogens. Depending on the nature of the effect on the body, carcinogenic factors are classified as: **physical means** - radiation (gamma, x-rays, ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of less than 0.3 microns, alpha, beta particles, corpuscular streams of cosmic rays);

** ·chemical agents** – organic, inorganic and plant poisons, resins, etc. In this classification, poisons are considered as factors in the transformation of normal cells into tumor cells. But after numerous studies, the following natural chain of transformations has been established: healthy or degenerated (in a small number) epithelial cell → tumor (carcinoma) → metastasis → tumor tissue in secondary foci. Naturally, not all cells are capable of forming a primary tumor focus. Various forms of pre-invasion have been discovered, in which altered cells without signs of invasion may already contain genetic signs of transformation. Consequently, the essence of the biological essence of the problem of carcinogenesis lies in the functional and tissue failure of these preinvasive cells and the mechanisms of their morphofunctional organization. It is they who act as the most vulnerable cells, since small doses of a carcinogen can cause processes of metaplasia or foci of restoration to tumor-like cells. Therefore, carcinogens are divided into: carcinophores, that is, chemical substances that cause a total predisposition of the body to the development of tumors, and blastomophores, that is, initiators of mutations in predisposed organisms. The amount of the latter should be on average 120-160 units per 1 cm2 of skin surface area. For lung cancer, this ratio varies significantly depending on the type of cancer.

Initiators of tumor cell growth are extremely diverse in structure, chemical structure and mode of entry. These may be water-soluble chemicals and irritants.