Heredity Extranuclear

Extranuclear heredity is a phenomenon in which hereditary information is transmitted from cell to cell not through the nucleus, but through the cytoplasm. This occurs due to the presence of extranuclear hereditary material, which is located in the cytoplasm and is transmitted from one cell to another through special proteins called translocases.

There are several types of extranuclear heredity, including DNA-independent heredity, when DNA is not the main source of hereditary information, and cytoplasmic heredity. The latter form of extranuclear inheritance is the most common and has many important biological functions, such as gene regulation, metabolism between cells, and adaptation of the body to environmental changes.

Extranuclear heredity can be observed in nature, for example, in plants and fungi, which can transmit their extranuclear inheritance to other plants and fungi through mi