Phrenology

Phrenology (from ancient Greek φρήν - mind, reason and λόγος - teaching) is a pseudoscientific doctrine about the relationship between the features of the skull and the psychological characteristics of a person.

Phrenology is based on the erroneous theory that the development of certain areas of the brain leads to an increase in the corresponding areas of the skull. According to phrenology, the shape of the skull can be used to judge the character, abilities and inclinations of a person.

The founder of phrenology is considered to be the German physician Franz Joseph Gall, who at the end of the 18th century put forward the idea that mental abilities are localized in certain areas of the brain. Gall believed that more developed areas of the brain put pressure on the skull from the inside and cause its deformation.

Although the idea of ​​functional localization in the cerebral cortex is correct, phrenologists' ideas about the influence of the brain on the shape of the skull turned out to be erroneous. Modern science has refuted the postulates of phrenology, which is currently considered a pseudoscience. However, in the 19th century, phrenology enjoyed great popularity and influenced the development of psychology and psychiatry.

Phrenology is a science that studies a person's character based on the structure of his skull. The basis of this science is the erroneous belief that changes in the skull can be caused by the development of certain functional areas of the cerebral cortex. However, in fact, the skull cannot change under the influence of the development of individual areas of the cerebral cortex, since this is not true.

Phrenology was developed by the German physician Franz Hall in the 18th century. He believed that the shape of the skull reflected the development of various brain functions and could help determine a person's character and inclinations. However, modern research has shown that the skull is not an accurate reflection of brain development.

Currently, phrenology has no scientific basis and is not used in medicine. However, it is still popular among some people who believe that the shape of the skull can determine a person's character.

Thus, phrenology is a pseudoscience based on erroneous ideas about the structure of the skull and brain development. It has no scientific basis and cannot be used to determine a person's character.

The history of phrenology begins in 1792, when John Baines proposed his first version of a system for assessing human intelligence based on the features of his head. A few decades later, a young doctor, Franz Gall, became interested in phrenology. He was confident that the features of the skull could reveal the mental qualities of an individual, and in his book “On Man and His Prosperity” he published an account of his research. In 1823, he developed a phrenological system for classifying human characters and abilities, but soon admitted his mistake and rejected the idea, based on morphological features of the brain, as having no scientific basis. However, the phrenologist Gall's theory aroused the interest of many other scientists, and the idea of ​​measuring character became popular in various fields of science.

Phrenology is a system for assessing a person’s mental qualities based on the structure of his skull. This science has degenerated from an erroneous theory about the nature of the skull. It was created by the German phrenologist Franz Joseph Ha