Shubrum - resinous spurge

Essence.
Shubrum grows in gardens; it has thin, straight branches covered with down, and leaves believed to be similar to those of wormwood-tarragon, as well as a milky sap.

Choice.
The best shubrum is light, reddish, like turned leather, and has a thin bark. And the one that has two branches, also covered with thin bark, is thick, only slightly reddish, hard, divided into threads - bad; shubrum from Fars - bad; none of its parts should be used.

Nature.
Hunayn says: “It is hot at the beginning of the second degree, dry at the end of the third, and as for its milky juice, it reaches the same degrees in relation to both qualities and even the fourth degree.”

Properties.
This medicine is astringent, sharp, and opens the mouths of blood vessels. This is one of the properties due to which they avoid using it, and even if it is improved, it is still of no use for the reasons we mentioned in its place. Generally speaking, it is harmful, especially for people with a hot nature.

Organs of the head.
Its milky juice helps in removing teeth.

Nutritional organs.
It is harmful to the stomach and liver; but it is given to drink in the treatment of dropsy. It must first be soaked in the squeezed juice of chicory, fennel and nightshade for three days, and then it is dried and made into cakes with a little Indian salt, turbita, khalilaj and sabur. These flatbreads are very beneficial.

Eruption organs.
It drives out black bile, mucus and water. In ancient times, it was used as part of laxatives, but then it was stopped due to its harmfulness to sexual ability and to semen, and also because it opens blood vessels in the anus. And if you fix it, it won't be useful. The fact is that it is corrected by soaking it several times, uncrumbled, in fresh milk for 24 hours, and this weakens it and destroys its effect and ability to remove bad juices. Anyone who cannot do without using it, let him mix anise, fennel and cumin with it. They give you from one to four danaks to drink at a time. We are talking here about its grass, and as for its milky juice, there is no good in it and they do not see any benefit in drinking it.

Fevers.
This medicine is avoided as it causes fevers.

Poisons.
In the amount of two dirhams he kills.