Trepan

Trephine In medicine, a trephine is used, which is an instrument for creating holes in bones or skulls. It looks like a drill with a short spiral blade or a long conical section.

History of the creation of trephines Despite the fact that trephines have been used in medicine and architecture for more than ten centuries, their history dates back to ancient times BC. Ethnologists and archaeologists have evidence of the existence of a prototype trepanana - ritual instruments in ancient Mexico, found already in the period BC on its territory. These tools were made from soft stone and their sharp edges could be used to create holes. However, the shape of this tool has many modifications such as spiral and serrated, and various materials and shapes are used. It was also discovered that the hole in the skull was made using the same tools that were available in antiquity. Apparently, early trephines were made of natural materials, such as bone or wood, and only later they began to be made of metal - bronze and steel. With the development of medical and construction methods, the need arose for a more precise tool that would not only create holes, but would also be made of high-quality and durable material. As a result, the use of metal trephines has helped to expand the forms and instruments available for use, and to reduce the duration and complexity of the operation.

**Trephines** With the advent of trephines and their increasing use in the medical arts, these instruments began to be used in various parts of the world. Technique for making holes with