Cardinal Veins

Cardinal Veins are two pairs of veins that are part of the venous system of the embryo. These veins play an important role in the development of the fetal cardiovascular system.

The anterior cardinal veins and posterior cardinal veins are formed early in embryonic development and flow through the anterior and posterior regions of the body, respectively. The anterior cardiac veins collect blood from the front of the body, including the head and neck, and the posterior cardiac veins collect blood from the back of the body.

Each pair of cardiac veins drains into the corresponding common cardinal vein. The common cardinal veins, in turn, connect with each other and form the venous sinus of the heart. This sinus is the main collection site for venous blood entering the embryonic heart.

It is important to note that during the development of the cardiovascular system in the embryo, significant changes occur, including the formation of new vessels and the disappearance of some old ones. For example, the anterior cardiac veins eventually form the superior vena cava, and the posterior cardiac veins form the inferior vena cava.

In conclusion, the cardiac veins represent an important element in the development of the fetal cardiovascular system. They collect blood from various areas of the body and are the precursors of some of the major veins, including the superior and inferior vena cava.

Cardinal Veins are pairs of veins that play an important role in the development of the embryonic circulatory system. They are part of the venous system, which is responsible for transporting blood from various parts of the embryo to the heart.

Each pair of cardiac veins consists of anterior and posterior cardiac veins. The anterior cardiac veins collect blood from the anterior region of the embryo's body, while the posterior cardiac veins collect blood from the posterior region of the body. Both pairs of cardiac veins are located behind the heart.

Blood collected by the anterior and posterior cardiac veins is then transported to the common cardinal veins, which in turn drain into the sinus venosus of the heart. The cardiac sinus venosus is an extension of the venous system located at the back of the heart that serves to collect blood from the inferior vena cava and other veins of the body before it drains into the right atrium.

In the development of the embryo, the cardiac veins play an important role in the formation of the venous system. During the development of the embryo, they undergo several changes that ultimately lead to the formation of the final venous system.

Thus, the cardiac veins are key structures in the embryonic circulatory system that ensure the transfer of blood from various parts of the body to the heart. The study of these veins is important for understanding the development of the venous system and its possible pathologies.

Cardiac veins are two pairs of veins in the upper half of the abdominal cavity that run along the lateral borders of the neck; They meet each other halfway and merge at the junction of the anterior part of the head of the gallbladder with the liver, at the gate of the liver, forming a wide network of venous trunks - the bile veins. The cardiac veins merge further into the right or left hepaticocholedochus, forming the hepatic ducts. The right gastric vein and the left gastric vein contribute their shares to the stomach. The greater omentum passes between these veins. All blood vessels are connected into the intermesenteric plexus. The end of the cardiac plexus forms the lesser curvature of the stomach, the peritoneum, and the diaphragm.

Cardiac veins are two pairs

**Veins of the cardia** (Cardic vessels) are two pairs of venous vessels, starting with the anterior cardinal veins from the lateral edge of the body and the posterior cardinal veins, opening opposite. They collect in the coronary veins. The largest cardinal and coronary branches are open through anastomotic connections in the walls of the vessels of the lungs and esophagus. Covered by the buccal-pharyngeal and pancreatic-vesical glands. Cardiac vessels accompany the aortic arch.

**Posterior cardinal veins** are covered by the pancreas, are located behind the esophagus and vertebral column and flow into the cavities of the lesser and greater omentum. They are present near the vertebral body C4-T11. Each vein has 5-7 branches, the main of which supply blood to the diaphragm, pelvic peritoneum, muscles and internal organs of the abdomen. In adults, the posterior cardinal veins are reduced and replaced by vessels - the left and right phrenic veins. In the body of an adult, the number of functioning cardial veins does not exceed five