Anatomy of the bones of the jaws and nose

As for the bones of the upper jaw and temples, we will list them later, when listing the sutures of the jaw. So, we say: the upper jaw is limited from above by a suture that is common to it with the forehead and passes under the eyebrow from temple to temple. From below it is limited by the sockets of the teeth; and on the sides - a seam running from the side of the ears; it is common to the jaw with the sphenoid bone located behind the molars. On the other side, its end forms a bend - I want to say that it deviates slightly, bending towards the inside of the labmoid suture. There is also a suture that separates this suture, and a suture that we will talk about later, that is, a suture that cuts along the upper vault of the palate. These are the boundaries of the upper jaw.

As for the sutures located within these boundaries, they include a suture that cuts along the upper part of the palate, and another suture that begins between the eyebrows and stretches to a place located opposite the space between the two internal incisors, as well as a suture that starts at the beginning this suture and deviating from it, going down to a place lying opposite the space between the external incisor and the right canine. There is another such seam on the left. Thus, these three sutures - the middle and two lateral - and the mentioned place opposite the sockets of the teeth are limited to two triangular bones. However, the bases of these triangular bones do not lie at the sockets of the teeth; in front of them there is a transverse seam located near the base of the nostrils.

Since all three sutures go further than the transverse suture, right up to the previously mentioned places, two bones are formed under the triangular bones, entirely lying between the base of the triangular bones, the sockets of the teeth and sections of the external sutures. One bone is separated from the other by a continuation of the middle suture, so that each bone has two right angles near the suture separating them - an acute angle near the fangs and an obtuse angle near the nostrils. Among the sutures of the upper jaw there is also a suture that descends from the common upper suture towards the eye. Having reached the eye socket, it forms three branches: one suture passes below the seam common to the forehead and above the eye socket and reaches the eyebrow; another seam, below it, also reaches the eyebrows, without, however, entering the eye socket, and the third seam also reaches the eyebrow, first entering the eye socket. The lower these seams are in relation to the seam located under the eyebrow, the further they are from the place where the top seam touches. The bone that the first suture separates is the largest of the three; it is followed by the one that is separated by a seam.

As for the nose, its usefulness is obvious, and there are three of them. One of them is that the nose, thanks to what is in it. cavity, promotes the drawing in of air, so that the air is contained in a large quantity and the heat of it is equalized before it passes into the brain. The fact is that although the inhaled air generally enters the lungs, a fair amount of it also passes into the brain.

When drawing in air, when the sense of smell requires it, the nose also collects a fair amount of air in one place in front of the olfactory organ, so that the smell is captured stronger and more accurately. These are three utilities combined into one utility.

As for the second, the nose helps separate sounds and makes it easier to produce them separately, because all the air does not accumulate at those places where they try to separate sounds by exhaling a certain amount of air. By distributing air for sounds, the nose does the same thing as a channel in a pipe, drilled all the way to the bottom, so that the air does not plug it. These are the two utilities combined in the second utility.

And the third usefulness is that the nose closes and protects from view the excesses expelled from the head, and is also an organ that helps to expel them through exhalation.

The skeleton of the nose is made up of two bones, similar to triangles, the corners of which converge at the top, and the bases are in contact with one of the corners, while the other two diverge. Each of these two bones is bounded by one of the mentioned external sutures below the suture of the facial bone. At the lower ends of the bones there are two soft cartilages, and between them, along the middle suture, there is cartilage, the upper part of which is harder than the lower. This whole cartilage is harder than the other two cartilages. The usefulness of the middle cartilage is that it divides the nose into two nostrils, so that when the descending excess descends from the brain, it in most cases deviates towards one of the nostrils and does not block the entire path of breathing along which the air flowing to the brain goes to the brain. pneuma to the brain. As for the usefulness of external cartilage, it is threefold. This is, firstly, the usefulness inherent in general to the cartilage found at the ends of all bones - we have already done away with it; the second utility is that the nostrils can diverge and widen when a stronger inhalation or exhalation is needed, and the third is that the cartilages, trembling, shaking and oscillating, help to expel vapors when exhaling. Both nasal bones are created thin and light, since lightness is more necessary here than strength, especially since these bones are not adjacent to organs that could be damaged, and are located so as to facilitate the perception of odors.

As for the lower jaw, the outline of its skeleton and its useful function are known: it consists of two bones connected under the chin by a fixed joint. At each of the other two ends there is a curved eminence, which connects with a process adapted for it, emerging from the temporal bone, ending at this place.

Where the bones of the lower jaw meet, they are connected by ligaments.