Hematology

Hematology is a branch of internal medicine that studies the structure and functions of the hematopoietic organs, plasma and blood cells under normal conditions and in various diseases.

Hematology studies the processes of hematopoiesis and methods of their regulation, develops problems of diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the hematopoietic system, and deals with the issues of blood coagulation.

Hematology is closely related to many branches of medicine, in particular with transfusiology and oncology. She uses the achievements of theoretical and practical medicine, uses special research methods (which include, for example, puncture of lymph nodes, spleen, liver), as well as modern medications and preparations from donor blood.

The results of hematological studies are extremely important for the diagnosis of surgical, gynecological, internal and infectious diseases.

Hematology (from ancient Greek αἷμα - blood and λόγος - study) is a branch of medicine that studies blood, hematopoietic organs and related diseases.

Hematology deals with the study of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets), their functions and interactions. She studies the processes of hematopoiesis, blood coagulation, immunological and biochemical properties of blood.

The tasks of hematology include the diagnosis and treatment of various blood diseases, such as anemia, leukemia, hemophilia, bleeding disorders and others. Hematologists are involved in the selection of donor blood for transfusion and the development of new transfusiology methods.

Thus, hematology is an important branch of medicine, allowing to diagnose and effectively treat a wide range of diseases associated with disorders in the blood system.

Hematology is a branch of medical science and at the same time a field of clinical medicine, the subject of study of which is the blood, hematopoietic organs and the lymphatic system. Hematological diseases occupy an important place among all human diseases. Hematology is necessary to determine the risk factors for cardiovascular and oncological diseases, primarily malignant neoplasms, which significantly limit life expectancy, reducing it by at least 2 times, and also lead to disability in patients. This must be taken into account when providing medical care to the population.

Blood is a unique body fluid that performs many functions in all human organs and tissues. The blood is in the riverbed, i.e. throughout the entire vascular system, and makes up 5-8% of an adult’s body weight. The blood count does not correspond to the usual estimate, since part of it is contained in the digestive system, serous cavities, cerebrospinal fluid, etc. In the heart, the content of this fluid ranges from 50 to 70 ml or about 0.5% of its volume. The fusion of all blood components forms its internal environment. It has a slightly alkaline reaction (pH 7.36-7.42) and consists of water (92%), proteins (8%), carbohydrates (0.13%), lipids (0.8%), minerals (0. 2%) and gases (6%). The liquid internal environment of the body maintains its constancy through the regulation of the composition, volume and physicochemical properties of blood. Regulation is dynamic homeostasis in relation to changes in human living conditions. Maintaining a constant internal environment is necessary not only for survival, but also for the normal functioning of the body. Any changes in homeostasis disrupt its function. Failure to maintain balance, i.e. homeostasis, is regarded by the body as a pathological factor, as a disease that always occurs as a result of adverse effects of the external environment or any external abnormal deviations that occur in the internal environment. These may include changes in the physical and chemical composition, quantity or properties of blood components. The pathological process, which always develops after the onset of factors affecting health, both external and internal, occurs basically the same way, regardless of where this process began. The latter, as a rule, is not localized anywhere outside the chain of disturbances that has arisen, but is formed according to the principle of a chain reaction, covering one system after another. In its further development, the disease constantly progresses, leading to disorganization and a decrease in the functional activity of cellular structures while simultaneously increasing metabolism. The consequences of the last stage characterize the terminal stage of morphofunctional adaptation and clinical picture of the disease. Further deepening of pathological changes affects the patient’s biological adaptation to the environment. A distinctive feature of pathogenesis in any organ is the transition of hydration processes into dehydration processes. Dehydration leads not only to a decrease in intravascular volume, but also to a decrease in the mass of circulating blood cells and their osmotic charge. As a result, all this causes a drop in general onco- and plasma pressure, a decrease in lymph outflow, dropsy, swelling and porosity of organs