Bones of the Vertebral Column

Bones of the Spinal Column: Structure and Function

The spinal column is a fundamental element of our body, providing support and movement. It consists of 33-34 vertebrae, bone elements located on top of each other, and forms the spinal canal where the spinal cord is located. Each vertebra has a central hole and small projections, processes, to which muscles are attached.

The vertebrae are divided into 5 main groups: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal.

The first group consists of 7 cervical vertebrae, which are the least thick and most mobile. They provide flexibility and mobility to the neck. The first cervical vertebra, called the atlas, is an incomplete vertebra that supports the skull and allows the head to rotate around a vertical axis. The second cervical vertebra, or axial vertebra, has a special structure that allows lateral rotation of the neck.

The thoracic vertebrae, the second group, are found in the back and are thicker and less mobile than the cervical vertebrae. They connect to the ribs and form the rib cage. The thoracic vertebrae also provide support for the neck and head.

The lumbar vertebrae - the third group - are located in the lumbar region and are quite mobile. They provide support for the body in an upright position and are involved in all body movements.

The sacral vertebrae, the fourth group, are fused together to form the sacrum, a very strong bone that serves as the base for the spine. The sacrum supports the weight of the body and transmits it to the lower limbs.

The fifth group, the coccygeal vertebrae, consists of 4 or 5 coccygeal vertebrae, which are also firmly fused together to form the coccyx. The coccyx serves as a support for the pelvis and is the final segment of the spinal column.

Each vertebra is a complex structure consisting of a vertebral body, arch, processes and articular surfaces. The vertebral body is its main mass, which supports the weight of the body. The vertebral arch is the bony arch that surrounds the spinal canal and protects the spinal cord. The processes of the vertebra serve to attach muscles and ligaments, and the articular surfaces provide connection between the vertebrae.

The spinal column plays a key role in supporting our body and its movement. It provides flexibility, stability and supports internal organs. In addition, the spinal column is the site of the spinal cord, which is part of the central nervous system.

In some diseases, such as scoliosis, osteochondrosis, disc herniation, etc., the spinal column may be damaged or deformed. These diseases can lead to back pain, poor posture and limited movement. To treat these diseases, conservative therapy methods are used, such as physiotherapy, medication, massage, and surgery.

In conclusion, the spinal column is an important structure in our body that provides support and movement. It is made up of vertebrae divided into five groups, each of which has its own unique characteristics and functions. If problems with the spinal column occur, it is important to consult a specialist for proper diagnosis and treatment.