Muller Test

The Müllerian test is a technique proposed by the German anatomist and physiologist Johan Müller in the 19th century to study color vision.

The essence of the technique is as follows: the person being studied looks at the color spots on a special board called the Müller board. The board consists of multi-colored circles, which are arranged in a certain order. Each circle has its own color, and the colors are placed in a strictly defined sequence.

The subject must determine which color is in a particular circle. If a person has good color vision, then he will be able to correctly identify colors in most circles.

The Müller test allows you to determine the presence or absence of color vision defects, as well as their nature and severity. So, for example, if a person cannot distinguish the color red, then this indicates the presence of a color vision defect.

The Müllerian test is widely used in medicine to diagnose various diseases associated with color vision. It can also be used to select candidates for various professions that require good color vision, such as drivers, pilots, etc.

In addition, the Müller test also has scientific significance. With its help, researchers can study the mechanisms of color vision and identify patterns of its functioning.

Thus, the Müller test is an important tool in the diagnosis and study of color vision. It allows you to identify color vision defects and determine their nature, and also helps to establish the correct diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment.

**Muller Test** is a method for determining the reflex excitability of skeletal and smooth muscles, based on the occurrence of muscle contractions in response to electrical stimulation of the nerve endings of the skin. The method belongs to the French scientist Jean-Pierre Muller (1802-1878) and is named after him. The essence of the method is to apply an irritating electric current while simultaneously measuring muscle contraction. If, with an increase in the strength of electrical stimulation, the increase in muscle contraction outstrips the increase in the strength of the stimulus, they speak of a positive muscle test. If the increase in irritation coincides or even lags behind the increase in its strength, then the test is negative. A positive muscle test indicates the absence of blockade of the lornominingia, a polysynaptic reflex arc. A negative positive indicates a clear deviation of the spinal reflex. This reflex is called suppressed, since it does not “take” from birth and is subject to restoration. Measuring muscle strength includes the following components:

1. identification of muscle groups;

2. measuring the length of the muscle to identify possible violations of coordination of movements. Reflexes help keep the body balanced and balanced. In addition, the functioning of each muscle affects the motor activity of the other; 3. measurement of the time of muscle contraction and its maximum and minimum strength in millimeters;

4. determination of the positive specific force in relation to the stimulation amplitude (positive parameter). Muscle contraction must correspond to strength. Put