Pathology

Themes associated with disorders in the development of the body (congenital pathology).

Pathology is a broad and multifaceted field of medicine that studies disease processes in the human and animal bodies. It includes many scientific disciplines and areas, such as general pathology, special pathology, pathological anatomy, pathological physiology, experimental pathology, pathochemistry and molecular pathology.

The main objectives of pathology are the study of the causes, mechanisms of development, course and outcome of diseases. General pathology studies the most general causes and patterns of pathological processes, and special pathology studies diseases of specific organs and systems.

Pathological anatomy studies changes in the structure of human cells, tissues and organs caused by diseases. The objects of research are individual organs and tissues removed from sick people during surgical operations, or pieces of tissue taken from a sick person to clarify the diagnosis, as well as human corpses.

Pathological physiology studies the patterns of occurrence and course of pathological processes, functional disorders, protective and adaptive reactions, mainly in experiments on animals. Experimental pathology is part of pathological physiology.

Pathochemistry and molecular pathology study biochemical processes in disease and changes in metabolism. However, it should be noted that various changes in tissues and cells, as well as changes in their functions, are inextricably linked.

Comparative pathology studies the features of the development and course of diseases in humans and animals in their comparison. Occupational pathology studies factors that have a harmful effect on the body in a particular workplace, and geographic pathology studies the influence of geographic conditions on the development of certain diseases.

The term “pathology” is also used to refer to painful changes in organs (for example, pathology of the liver, nervous system, etc.), general age-related disorders of the body’s functioning (age-related pathology) and those associated with disturbances in the development of the body (congenital pathology).

Pathology is the basis for the development of medical thinking and understanding the essence of the disease. The study of pathology is necessary for the correct diagnosis and treatment of patients, as well as for the development of new methods for the prevention and treatment of diseases.

One of the main methods for studying pathology is pathological anatomy. It allows for morphological diagnosis of diseases, as well as studying the mechanisms of development of pathological processes. Various methods are used, including optical microscopy, electron microscopy and others.

Pathological physiology is also important for the study of pathology. It allows you to study functional disorders in the body, as well as protective and adaptive reactions to diseases. This helps to identify new mechanisms of disease development and develop more effective treatments.

Pathochemistry and molecular pathology study biochemical processes in disease and changes in metabolism. They help identify the molecular mechanisms of disease development and develop new treatments based on molecular targets.

Comparative pathology allows you to compare the features of the development and course of diseases in humans and animals. This helps to identify common patterns and differences in pathological processes, as well as develop new treatment methods.

Thus, pathology is an important scientific discipline that studies disease processes in the human and animal bodies. It allows us to identify the causes, mechanisms of development, course and outcome of diseases, as well as to develop new methods for diagnosing, preventing and treating diseases. The study of pathology is essential to the advancement of medical science and practice and to the improvement of human and animal health.

Pathology is any deviation from the normal form or functioning of the body or its parts. Pathology is an important branch of medical science that studies and researches diseases and their causes.

Pathology includes a number of disciplines that study various aspects of human diseases and have patterns common to all of them. This includes both independent areas, such as general pathology and clinical anatomy and pathological physiology, as well as narrowly focused specialties - bacteriology, virology, allergology and others. Diseases of different organs are associated with different pathological conditions, but no one organ causes a separate disease. Therefore, clinical medicine is divided into pathologies of internal organs and diseases of systems, for example, pathology of the central nervous system (CNS), cardiopathology, pulmonology, etc. The object of study of general pathology is also extraorgan pathology, pharmacology, general therapy, prevention and social medicine. The problems of studying pathologies are not static. This is due to two reasons: the constant increase in the number of diseases and the need to master new approaches to diagnosis and therapy.