Polynucleotide

Polynucleotides are long chains of nucleotide bases that are linked together. They are the basis for the formation of DNA and RNA molecules, which play a key role in the storage, transmission and implementation of genetic information in living organisms.

A polynucleotide chain consists of nucleotide units, each of which contains one of four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine © or thymine (T). These bases are linked to each other by hydrogen bonds, forming a long chain.

DNA and RNA have different structures, but they both use a polynucleotide chain as their basic structure. DNA is a double helix of two polynucleotide chains connected by hydrogen bonds. RNA also has a double helix, but consists of one polynucleotide chain. RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine, which replaces the thymine chain.

Polynucleotide chains play an important role in the biosynthesis and replication of DNA and RNA in living cells. They are also used as templates for the synthesis of proteins, which contain amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

In general, polynucleotide chains are a key element in the functioning of genetic material in living systems, and their study helps to understand the mechanisms of heredity and the evolution of life on Earth.

Polynucleotides are long chains of nucleotide bases that form DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules. These molecules play an important role in storing and transmitting hereditary information in living organisms.

A polynucleotide chain consists of alternating nucleotide units, each containing a phosphate group, a sugar ring, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine © or thymine (T) for DNA or uracil (U) for RNA . The nucleotide units are connected to each other by phosphodiester bonds.

DNA and RNA have similar structures but perform different functions. DNA stores genetic information as a sequence of nucleotides and is passed from parents to offspring through the process of replication. RNA is involved in various biochemical reactions, such as protein synthesis, translation of genes into proteins, etc.

In living organisms, polynucleotide chains can come in different sizes and shapes. For example, DNA in bacterial cells is about 5 meters long, and in the nucleus of a human cell it can reach 2 meters. RNA can also come in different sizes, depending on its function and location in the cell.

Polynucleotide synthesis occurs in cells with the help of enzymes called DNA polymerases. These enzymes use nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) as substrates to synthesize new polynucleotide chains.

RNA and DNA are important components of genetic information and are involved in many biological processes. The study of polynucleotide structure and function is an important area in the field of molecular biology and biochemistry.

Whenever we talk about molecules that have a double helical structure, we always think of either RNA or DNA. The fact is that both molecules have a significant share of common chemical composition: both contain nitrogenous bases with their own numerical codon. Accordingly, for both molecules, threads play an important role