Radiobiological Effect

**Radiobiological effect** is a general term for functional and morphological changes that occur in a living organism under the influence of X-rays and other types of radiation.

The most obvious manifestation is the appearance of various benign tumors (lipomas, fibromas, neurofibromatoses and connective tissue tumors) and malignant neoplasms, especially in the pelvic and prostate areas, associated with an increase in mortality and the transition of hyperplastic processes to oncological ones. The risk of disease increases tens or hundreds of times depending on the type of ionizing rays and the nature of their exposure, but it can be somewhat reduced by using suitable methods of protection or by controlling the time spent under the influence of ionization. However, radiation does not act selectively, so many scientists began to study the radiobiological consequences of radiation in order to protect humans from the harmful effects of radiation and to understand how it affects living organisms and their functioning in conditions of peace and war. It was found that the high incidence of malignant and benign neoplasms

**Radiobiological effects** are the body’s reactions to external exposure to radiation, leading to changes in life activity and the development of disease. Modern ideas about the biological effects of radiation are based on the radiation concept and are formulated in a number of scientific theories - target theory, theories of direct and indirect effects of radiation (the main postulates of which are discussed below), the theory of interactions of radiation with matter and radioecological theory.

The life cycle of a cell consists of division (mitosis) and interphase. In the first phase, cell growth and development are almost completely determined by nuclear cell division, i.e. the cytoplasm, and sometimes the entire cell, are passive elements in the implementation of mitosis. In the second phase, division occurs due to kinetic processes. In mitosis, there are two main phases: prophase, in which chromosomes quickly divide - pairs of chromosomes called bivalent are formed, and metaphase (or metakinesis), when kinetically equalized chromosomes

Radiobiological effects can occur directly after external exposure to ionizing radiation, i.e. immediately after radiation damage or exposure. They appear within a few hours or days after irradiation of the body. Subsequently, the course of decay reactions changes, and after some time, radiation pathogenesis becomes significantly simpler. Period from 24 to