Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common throughout the world. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites.

STI symptoms

The main features include:
• unusual discharge from the penis, vagina or anus;
• pain when urinating;
• wounds, blisters, ulcers, warts or rashes in the genital area;
• pain in the scrotum or testicles;
• formations on the genitals.

Many people with an STI do not show any symptoms and may not know they have the infection.

The most common sexual activities that can spread STIs from one partner to another include:
• vaginal sex;
• anal sex;
• oral sex;
• oro-anal sex.

STIs can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy and at birth.

Diagnosis and testing of STIs

The only way to find out about this disease is to undergo a sexual health examination. In most cases this is a simple urine test. Some infections can be diagnosed the same day and treated during the visit. Other results may take up to a week.

For people without symptoms, testing for STIs depends on how sexually active they are and whether they use condoms.

It is recommended to undergo testing:
a. after any sexual contact with a new or casual partner;
b. if you suspect that your partner had other sexual relationships;
c. after any sexual contact in countries where HIV and other STIs are common;
d. if your partner says they have been diagnosed with an STI.

When planning to start a family, it is also important to get both partners tested for STIs to prevent transmission of the infection to the child.

How to reduce your risk of STIs

Most STIs can be prevented by using barrier protection such as condoms, female condoms and dams.

Most people are familiar with male condoms. The female condom is a 14cm pre-lubricated sheath that fits freely into the vagina and can be inserted up to eight hours before sexual intercourse. Female condoms should not be used with male condoms because friction between them can cause them to break.

Dams are rectangular sheets of latex that can be used to cover the vagina or anus to prevent the exchange of body fluids during oral sex. They are sometimes called dental dams because they are also used during dental surgery.

Male condoms can be purchased at supermarkets, pharmacies and other places.

STI treatment

Many STIs are easily treated once diagnosed. Treatment for different types of infections may include:
• Bacteria (including chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital mycoplasma, and syphilis) require treatment with antibiotics.
• Parasites (including pubic lice and scabies) need to be treated with medicated shampoos.
• Viruses (including genital herpes, HIV, hepatitis B, and human papillomavirus (HPV)) have no cure. In most cases, there are treatments that help control the growth of the virus and prevent symptoms. You can find drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C here.

It is important to deal with any sexual partners who have been tested and receive treatment if necessary. This reduces the spread of STIs. And also use barrier protection.