Shigella

Shigella is a genus of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that causes dysentery. These bacteria belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family. There are four main species of Shigella - Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei.

Shigella is transmitted by the fecal-oral route and causes inflammation of the colon, leading to acute gastroenteritis. Typical symptoms include diarrhea (sometimes with blood and mucus), fever, abdominal pain and tenesmus. The illness usually lasts from 4 to 7 days. Complications may include dehydration, seizures, sepsis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Diagnosis is based on the isolation of Shigella from stool. Treatment is with rehydration and antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin. Prevention includes good hygiene, especially thorough hand washing. Vaccines against some Shigella species are in development.

Shigella was first described at the end of the 19th century by the Japanese bacteriologist Kiyoshi Shiga, after whom they received their name. These bacteria remain widespread in developing countries, where they are an important cause of diarrhea in children. Improving sanitation and access to clean water can reduce the incidence of shigellosis.