Massive Blood Transfusion Syndrome

Massive Transfusion Syndrome: a complication of blood transfusion

Introduction:
Blood transfusions are an integral part of modern medical practice and can save the lives of patients suffering from various diseases or injuries. However, sometimes transfusion of large volumes of donor blood in a short time can cause serious complications. One of these complications is Massive Blood Transfusion Syndrome (MBTS), characterized by disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, blood coagulation system and acid-base balance. In this article we will look at this syndrome in more detail, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

Definition:
Massive Blood Transfusion Syndrome (MBTS) occurs when donor blood is transfused in a volume exceeding 40-50% of the patient's total circulating blood volume within a short period of time, usually not exceeding 24 hours. This condition is characterized by various systemic disorders that can have serious consequences for the patient's health.

Causes:
Massive Transfusion Syndrome can be caused by a variety of reasons, including:

1. Severe blood loss due to injury or surgery.
2. Mass blood transfusion for acute blood loss, for example, in patients with massive bleeding or acute blood loss after childbirth.
3. Multiple blood transfusions in surgery or intensive care.

Symptoms:
Massive Transfusion Syndrome can present with a variety of symptoms, including:

1. Hypothermia (low body temperature).
2. Tachycardia (accelerated heart rate).
3. Arterial hypotension (low blood pressure).
4. Oliguria or anuria (decreased or absent urine output).
5. Liver dysfunction, manifested by increased levels of liver enzymes in the blood.
6. Bleeding disorders such as thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction.
7. Shifts in acid-base balance.

Diagnostics:
Diagnosis of Massive Blood Transfusion Syndrome includes:

1. Assessment of the volume of blood transfused and its relationship with the total volume of the patient’s circulating blood.
2. Complete blood test to evaluate blood clotting function, liver enzyme levels and kidney function.
3. Imaging the cardiovascular system using electrocardiography (ECG) and other education techniques.

Treatment:
Treatment of Massive Blood Transfusion Syndrome requires an integrated approach and may include the following measures:

1. Correction of the volume of blood transfused and the rate of transfusion in order to prevent further development of complications.
2. Control and maintain the patient's blood pressure and cardiac function using inotropes and vasopressors.
3. Maintain hemodynamic stability with fluid resuscitation and a balanced approach to fluid therapy.
4. Correction of blood coagulation disorders using transfusion of platelets, fresh frozen plasma or other hemostatic drugs.
5. Monitoring acid-base balance and, if necessary, adjusting blood pH.

Prevention:
To prevent the development of Massive Blood Transfusion Syndrome, it is recommended:

1. Carefully evaluate the need and volume of blood transfusion for each patient.
2. Use alternative treatments and blood substitutes whenever possible.
3. Follow the principles of “bloodless surgery” and limit blood transfusions to only cases of absolute necessity.
4. Carefully monitor the patient's condition during and after blood transfusion and respond immediately to any possible complications.

Conclusion:
Massive Transfusion Syndrome is a serious complication associated with transfusion of large volumes of blood in a short time. Early recognition of the syndrome and timely treatment play an important role in preventing serious consequences for the patient. It is important to conduct more in-depth research and develop prevention strategies to minimize the risk of developing this complication and improve the safety of blood transfusion in clinical practice.

Massive blood transfusion syndrome (MBS) is a complication of donor blood transfusion in a short period of time. SMG is manifested by pathological changes in the cardiovascular, hepatic and renal systems of the body, as well as blood clotting disorders. SMG may occur several hours after blood transfusion and last up to several days. This complication can occur in any patient who requires a blood transfusion.

Causes of the syndrome: - Large volume blood transfusion in a short period. - Violations of the transfusion regime. - Irregular transfusion of blood components or improper transfusion. A transfusion is the taking of a small amount of blood from the body and placing it into the bloodstream of another person. When receiving a blood transfusion, the patient's body is exposed to a variety of factors, including foreign blood from another person, changes in blood characteristics due to heating or cooling, blood storage, and physical stress on multiple organs. The approach to blood transfusion involves following certain rules and procedures to minimize the risk of side effects. However, there is still a risk, which explains why blood transfusions can sometimes lead to serious complications. Symptoms of the syndrome include any medical examination that allows you to determine the severity, severity of symptoms and the body's response to a blood transfusion. Symptoms may vary from patient to patient and depend on their needs and individual characteristics. Common symptoms include weakness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal tenderness