Apud-Cells

Apud Cells are specialized cells that play an important role in metabolic processes. A distinctive feature of these cells is their ability to accumulate amino precursors (proamines), from which biologically active amines are subsequently formed.

Apud cells are widely represented in the digestive and endocrine systems. There are especially many of them in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. Here, these cells play a key role in the process of decarboxylation of proamines to form amines with hormonal activity. Among them are serotonin, histamine, dopamine and other biologically active substances.

Due to their unique functions, apud cells are capable of producing a wide range of peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. This fact served as the basis for separating apud cells into a separate diffuse endocrine system of the body. They play an important role in the regulation of many physiological processes.

Thus, apud cells participate in the utilization of proamines and the synthesis of biologically active substances, performing endocrine functions. Their unique properties make it possible to classify these cells as part of the diffuse endocrine system of the body.

Apud cells are a special type of cell that are responsible for the consumption of proamines (amino acids) during metabolism. They participate in the decarboxylation process that occurs in the human body. Apud cells are especially common in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas.

Apud cells are capable of producing a variety of neurotransmitters and oligopeptides with hormonal effects. They are often referred to as the “dispersed endocrine system.” These cells play an important role in regulating many processes in the body, such as digestion, metabolism and mood.

One of the best known examples of apud cells are pancreatic beta cells, which secrete insulin in response to increased blood glucose levels. Insulin helps the body's cells use glucose as an energy source, which is important for maintaining normal blood sugar levels.

Overall, apud cells are an interesting and important component of our endocrine system that plays an important role in maintaining health and optimal functioning of the body.

Introduction

**Apud** cells are cells that play an important role in the metabolism of the body. They are a type of endocrine cell and are responsible for the consumption of **proamines** - amino acids that have various biological functions. Such cells can be found in the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, where they take part in the formation of neuroamines, peptides and other compounds that play an important role in regulating many processes, including hormone synthesis and the development of the immune system.

Functions of apud cells

Apudal cells have several functions. Their main task is to participate in **decarboxylation** - the process of converting **propionylcholine** into acetylcholine, which occurs in the tissues of the nervous system. Propionylcholine is formed from conjugated and unconjugated **aminopeptide**, which is produced by **nerve cells**. The acetylcholinistic process carried out by the apud cells ensures the transmission of nerve impulses between nerve cells and muscles.

In addition, apud cells are involved in the production and synthesis of diverse molecules and compounds, such as** oligopeptides**, peptidase-dependent amino acids,** neurotransmitters (acetylcholine), peptides and other molecules. Oligopeptides synthesized by these cells are capable of expressing hormones, oligodendrocyte-specific factors and **polypeptide** inhibitors.

An important function of these cells is to create** a diffuse autonomous endocrine system** that controls the production of endogenous and peripheral hormones without the need for interaction with the anterior pituitary gland. Most apud cells possess a small proportion of a storage pool containing macroamino acids and organic acids, such as pyridine nucleotides and glucogenic pyruvates. Thus, these cells are able to directly perform an autonomous endocrine function through their characteristics and various responses to environmental stimuli.

In the gastrointestinal tract and **pancreas**, many apud cells are capable of performing the function of hematopoietic and antiallergic factors, primarily due to the synthesis of **membrane-bound mactoapolipopeptide (leukokine)**, which is capable of modulating the processes of migration of immature hematopoietic cells into bone marrow and differentiate into specialized functional types of hematopoietic tissue. In addition, proliferation of proliferative cells is most common in the intestine, and digestive function is also affected. Apud cells are of great importance for the hematopoietic system and are an important factor in maintaining homeostasis of the body.