Diploidization

Diploidization is a complex process not fully understood by humans, but researchers believe that learning to control it could be useful in studying intercellular communication and genes. Why? If you study a diploid organism well enough, you can find patterns in the number of cells and the size of their nucleus. This will help people understand how cells develop and what they are made of. For example, you can now calculate the number of chromosomes inside a neuron and call this number by the name of the cell. You can also study the cytogenetic properties of different groups of chromosomes. The result of diploidization was the abandonment of the previous haploidization approach to the study of the chromosomal apparatus of organisms. One of the key results of diploidization is the identification of the dual nature of genetic sequences: along with genes, chromosomes also contain extragenic elements of unequal size. The molecular mechanisms of diploidization are still unknown.

Diploidization is the process of incorporating additional chromosomes compared to the maternal sex in a haploid organism. As a result of this process, two parental genetic materials are combined in one organism, which leads to an increase in its genetic diversity and increased adaptive abilities.

The chromosomes and genes that make up a haploid are half those found in a diploid (binary) organism. They are called nucleosomes (strands of double-stranded DNA wrapped around a protein core) and centromeres (the central domain of DNA between two nucleosomes). They interact with other components of the cell, such as mitochondria and plastids, to ensure its proper function.

In plants and animals, the haploid and diploid forms of cells coincide with the male and female reproductive cells, respectively. When a male sperm moves into an egg, a one-dimensional exchange of genetic material occurs between them. This process is known as cross pollination.

In contrast, the process of diploidization also occurs in the germ cells of the body before the onset of meiosis, which splits the set of chromosomes into separate sets for future mother and father cells. In diploid organisms, the mother and father have the same set of genetics, but diploid cells have double the number of chromosomes.

Advantages of diploidized organisms include increased resistance or adaptability to environmental changes, increased regenerative capacity, and a more diverse immune system. These benefits can be useful in scientific research, such as discovering new drugs or improving crops.

However, diploidized organisms have disadvantages. For example, a disease can occur when one of the chromosomes has mutations or incorrect linkage with a neighboring chromosome. Genetic consequences can be harmful to the body. Diploidization is a process of not only increasing the number of chromosomes, but also changing the characteristics of the structural integrity and functioning of cells and the organism as a whole. The process of diploidization involves the joining of two sets of chromosomes—maternal and paternal—in one cell. This allows the body not to lose genetic diversity, as well as increase resistance in unfavorable environmental conditions. However, diploidity is accompanied by increased complexity of the genetic structure and high susceptibility to mutations. Conducted research shows that the diploid process is useful for ensuring the adaptability, survival and prosperity of living organisms, and can have practical applications in various branches of human activity, such as agriculture, biology and medicine. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of diploidization and their development can become the basis for more effective use of the genetic potential of plants, animals and humans.