Ekka Fistula

Ekka Fistula is one of the most significant Russian surgeons and physiologists of the early 20th century. He was born in 1849 in the city of Revel (now Tallinn, Estonia) and was educated at the Military Medical Academy of St. Petersburg.

Ekka Fistula was famous for his research in physiology and surgery. He developed methods for treating wounds and burns and also conducted experimental studies on animals.

One of Fistula's most famous achievements was the creation of a new technique for heart surgery, which made it possible to perform surgery without opening the chest. This technique was first used in Russia in 1902 and was called “ecca-fistula”.

However, despite his achievements, Fistula remained a critic of official medicine and believed that it was not capable of solving all health problems. He advocated the wider use of experimental methods in medicine and the creation of new medical institutions.

Fistula died in 1908 in St. Petersburg, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence modern medicine.

Paying tribute to the figure of the famous physiologist Pavel Ivanovich Bakhmetyev and my close friend Nikolai Vladimirovich Eck, I decided to describe the life and work of the outstanding Russian surgeon and physiologist Nikolai Nikolaevich Krieger.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Krieger was born on January 25, 1866 in the city of Chausy, Mogilev province, into the family of the architect Nikolai Timofeevich Shcheglov. Since childhood, the boy showed interest in natural sciences, loved books and spent time doing scientific experiments.

After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, he began his scientific career at the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg under