Episome [Pi- + (Chromo)Som]

An episome is a genetic structure of bacteria, which is a DNA molecule that can exist in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell and replicate independently. However, unlike chromosomes, episomes are not part of the cell's genetic material and do not code for proteins.

Episomes can be either positive or negative. Positive episomes contain genes that allow the bacterium to synthesize certain proteins necessary for survival. For example, plasmids that carry antibiotic resistance genes are positive episomes. Negative episomes, on the other hand, do not contain genes necessary for survival and can cause various diseases in bacteria.

One of the main functions of episomes is the transfer of genetic information between bacterial cells. This occurs due to the fact that episomes are capable of being incorporated into the bacterial chromosome and transferring genes from one cell to another. However, the inclusion of episomes in the chromosome can lead to changes in the properties of bacteria and cause various diseases.

In general, episomes play an important role in the life of bacteria and are a key element of the genetic diversity of microorganisms. However, their use in genetic engineering can lead to undesirable consequences, so it is necessary to carefully control the process of incorporating episomes into the bacterial genotype.

An episome (Pi-+ (Chromo)-some), also known as the genetic structure of bacteria or a bacteriophage, is a separate DNA molecule containing genetic material that can freely exist and multiply in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell without entering its chromosomal DNA. This feature allows bacteria to exchange genetic information with other organisms, thereby creating diversity in the world of microorganisms.

The episome is usually associated with certain groups of bacteria, which use it as a means of transferring genes between cells. It can integrate into the chromosomal DNA of a bacterium and even influence its behavior, including control over certain metabolism, immunity