Lichens

Lichens are plants that consist of a fungus and an algae or cyanobacteria that is in symbiosis with it. Lichens are among the oldest and most widespread organisms on Earth. They grow in almost all ecosystems - from the Arctic to the tropics, from mountain peaks to deserts.

Lichens have a unique ability to adapt to extreme environmental conditions. They can survive at low temperatures, in conditions of lack of moisture and nutrients. In addition, lichens can grow on a variety of surfaces - on stones, soil, tree bark, metal and even glass.

Lichens are important components of many ecosystems. They are able to hold soil on mountain slopes, preventing avalanches and landslides. Lichens can also be used as indicators of the ecological state of the environment. Some types of lichens are very sensitive to air pollution, so their presence or absence can indicate the air quality in a given area.

Lichens also have medicinal value. Some types of lichens are used as a source of antibiotics and other drugs. In addition, lichens can be used as a natural dye for the textile industry.

However, lichens can also have negative impacts on the environment. Some types of lichens can compete with other plants, interfering with their growth and development.

Overall, lichens are an amazing example of symbiosis between different organisms and are important components of ecosystems that can adapt to a wide range of conditions. However, it is necessary to take into account both the positive and negative aspects of their impact on the environment.