Nerve Pterygoid External

The external pterygoid nerve (n. pterygoideus externus) is one of two large nerves that exit the skull through the pterygopalatine fissure and innervate the muscles of the face and pharynx. It is a continuation of the maxillary nerve and passes through the pterygoid processes of the temporal bone, then through the pterygoid fossa and pterygoid foramen, where it divides into two branches: external and internal.

The external branch of the pterygoid nerve innervates the muscles that are involved in the movement of the lower jaw and tongue. It passes through the hyoid bone and innervates the muscles of mastication, the levator labii superioris and the medial pterygoid muscle.

The internal branch of the pterygoid nerve innervates the pharyngeal muscles, such as the palatine muscle, the lingual muscle, and the arytenopharyngeal muscle. It also innervates the mucous membrane of the pharynx and soft palate.

The external pterygoid nerve can be damaged during operations on the nose, upper jaw, or head injuries. This can lead to impaired movement of the lower jaw, tongue and throat, as well as problems with hearing and speech.