Substances Contained in Urine

Urine is an important indicator of the general metabolic state of the human body. The kidneys filter the blood, removing excess water and metabolic waste, which is then excreted into the urine. A urine test can help detect the presence of various diseases, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease, diabetes, and others.

Normal urine consists primarily of water, salts and organic waste products such as urea, uric acid, creatinine and ammonia. Urine also contains small amounts of various salts such as sodium chloride, sulfates, phosphates and carbonates of potassium, calcium, magnesium and ammonium.

Urine has a yellow color, which is due to the presence of the pigment urochrome, a product of the breakdown of hemoglobin. The color of urine can vary from light yellow to dark yellow, depending on the concentration of urochrome.

Urea is the most common organic metabolic product found in urine. It is formed in the liver from ammonia and carbon dioxide during the deamination of amino acids. Urea is the end product of protein metabolism and is eliminated from the body through urine.

Uric acid is formed as a result of the breakdown of purines in nucleic acids. It can accumulate in the body and cause diseases such as gout.

Creatinine is formed from creatine phosphate, which is found in muscles and serves as a reservoir of high-energy phosphate bonds. Creatinine is excreted into the urine and is an important indicator of kidney function.

Ammonia is a product of amino acid metabolism. It can accumulate in the body due to various liver and kidney diseases.

conclusions

Urinalysis is an important method for diagnosing various diseases. Normal urine contains water, salts and organic metabolic products such as urea, uric acid, creatinine and ammonia. The yellow color of urine is due to the presence of the pigment urochrome. Creatinine and urea are important indicators of kidney function.