Biophysics

A science that studies the physical properties and phenomena in the whole organism, its individual organs, tissues, cells, as well as the physicochemical foundations of life processes. The tasks of molecular biology include physical research. and physical -chem. properties of complex chemicals. compounds, including proteins and nucleic acids that make up living organisms, as well as the nature of their interaction. The task of B. cells is to study physical. fundamentals of cell function, connections between cellular structures and their function, mechanics. and electric properties of the cell, as well as the energy and thermodynamics of the flow of cellular processes, etc. B. develops questions of thermodynamics and biology. kinetics.

From these positions, in particular, the problem of adaptation of individual cells and entire organisms to various environmental conditions is considered. One of the central problems of biology is the problem of the structure and function of biology. membranes (see Cell). Methods of biology and molecular biology have made it possible to decipher the structure of large biomolecules, identify the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule, etc. Significant progress has been achieved in the study of the mechanisms of transformation of physical substances in the cells of organisms. energy in chemistry , in particular during organic photosynthesis. compounds in green plants under the influence of light.

Work is underway to study the transformation of energy when living organisms are exposed to ionizing radiation (radiation biophysics). B. is closely related to medicine. She is studying physics. features of the mechanisms of occurrence and course of various pathologies. processes. In particular, B. contributed to the theoretical. ideas about inflammation, edema, nephritis, mechanisms of regulation of water-salt balance, etc. Biophysics are widely used. ideas about the nature of excitation and its conduction along nerve fibers, about photochemical. processes occurring in the visual organs, etc.

B. plays a major role in understanding the mechanisms of radiation injury and developing the basis for the prevention and treatment of this injury. Physics is studied using B.'s methods. and molecular mechanisms and features of the development of malignant tumors (see Oncology), physical. mechanisms of action of many medicinal substances (drugs, poisons), methods for quantitative assessment of their toxic effects are being developed, etc.

The scientific foundations of biology began to be laid back in the 18th century. In the Soviet Union, on the personal instructions of V.I. Lenin, the Institute of Biophysics of the People's Commissariat of Health was created in 1919 under the leadership of P.P. Lazarev. In the 30s a physical laboratory was organized. Biology at the Institute of Biochemistry named after. A. N. Bach. The first department of biophysics was organized in the USSR in 1953 at the Faculty of Biology and Soils of Moscow State University. Currently, biophysics is taught as an independent discipline in all medical institutes, and in some of them biophysics departments have been opened. A number of scientific centers have been created that deal with various aspects of biophysics.

Biophysics is a branch of physics that studies living organisms.

Biophysics combines the laws of physics and biology to explain how living systems function at the microscopic and macroscopic levels. This approach allows the study of various phenomena such as cellular processes, genetic mutations, evolution, disease spread and many others.

**Some examples of the application of biophysics:**

1. The study of processes occurring in living cells, such as photosynthesis, growth and cell division. 2. Study of the activity of DNA and RNA molecules, including protein-protein interaction and other complex processes. 3. Using biophysics to create new medical technologies such as biochips and gene therapies. 4. Understanding the spread of diseases and creating new vaccines. 5. Study of the spatial distribution of molecules inside the cell, as well as the creation of various materials for use in medicine. 6. Developing new research techniques such as spectroscopy and tomography to provide more accurate data on how cells work. 7. Development of new drugs and vaccines based on biophysical mechanisms. 8. Creation of an ecological science that explores the interactions between living and nonliving nature, including biochemical processes and the atmosphere. 9. Study of the behavior of biological objects under conditions of a changed environment, such as pollution or climate fluctuations. 10. Exploration of knowledge about the structure, structure and functions of various biological objects.