Emphysema Lung Vikarnaya

Emphysema is a chronic disease characterized by a progressive increase in air spaces in the lungs. The main causes of its occurrence are smoking, inhalation of toxic substances, genetic predisposition and other factors. Emphysema can be either an independent pathology or a manifestation of diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or bronchiectasis.

Compensatory (vicarious) emphysema occurs in patients with severely limited functional respiratory reserves

**Pulmonary emphysema** is a disease of the lung parenchyma with destruction and deformation of the walls of the acinus due to stagnation of air and its incomplete removal during the process of reduced inhalation and breathing. It is characterized by both obstructive bronchitis and irreversible degeneration of the alveolar septa (alveolar pneumosclerosis, limiting the respiratory movements of the chest.

For the most part, pulmonary emphysema is diagnosed in elderly patients suffering from obstructive pulmonary diseases. The development of emphysema is promoted by smoking, inhalation of explosive industrial gases, toxic aerosols, carbon monoxide, as well as weakening of the function of the ciliated epithelium.

Moderate pulmonary obstructive disease syndrome. In the lungs there are wheezing, diffuse increased and split harsh breathing, wet fine-bubble and dry percussion sounds. There is no separation in the upper respiratory tract; exhalation lags behind inhalation. The painful process is diffuse asymmetric emphysema and the involvement of the alveoli, resulting from alternating hyperventilation, hypertension and lung damage. Granulation fields are without dissemination, but the formation of microabscesses is possible in the pulmonary fields. The patency of the bronchi was not impaired during bronchoscopy; during radiography, the upper lobes were affected. With this course, residual symptoms of respiratory failure remain. In young and elderly, previously ill people, the cause of emphysema is most often prolonged purulent or obstructive bronchitis.

There is a subacute form, accompanied by fever, chills, increasing shortness of breath and cyanosis, respiratory and heart failure. The outcome is gangrene of the lung with the collapse of its tissue. A severe form of emphysema is common among smokers and can take diffuse and focal forms. Insufficient gas exchange function and pulmonary ventilation cause cyanosis of the skin of the lower extremities, venous contouring of the lips and nose