Erectile dysfunction: the treatment of choice.
Erectile dysfunction refers to the inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection firm enough or sufficient length to permit sexual intercourse with satisfactory sexual stimulation. This is common, particularly with modern stresses and often culture-specific excess alcohol consumption or smoking, drug abuse, inadequate social support, physical illness, and stress. This article provides a comprehensive overview of erectile dysfunction for primary care physicians and specialists, including causes, clinical presentation, evaluation, and management. Practitioners should have a basic understanding of the pathophysiology of erectile function, the roles of endogenous sexual hormones, neurotransmitters, erectile tissue, nerves, spinal mechanisms, and the vascular response to sexual stimulation in order to tailor an individualized approach to care. Before prescribing medications or performing interventions themselves, providers should consider patient preferences, intrinsic barriers (such as depression, low libido, attachment fears, lack of money, valuing rationality over emotion, infidelity, belief in being "gay"), extrinsic risk factors, barriers, resources, and barriers to self-care. Lifestyle modifications and comanagement of comorbidities (i.e. arterial hypertension) enhance outcomes.