Hormones Without Endocrine Glands

The human digestive system has many unusual mechanisms that regulate digestion processes. One of these mechanisms is the release of hormones without the participation of endocrine glands. In the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines there are scattered endocrine-type cells that secrete gastrointestinal hormones. These hormones can regulate various digestive processes, including the secretion of juices, peristaltic movements, and the release of bile.

One of these hormones, gastrin, is produced in the gastric mucosa and stimulates the gastric mucosa when bolus food enters. However, enterogastron, a gastrin antagonist, is produced in the mucous membrane of the duodenum and causes an inhibitory effect on the secretion of juices and the frequency of peristaltic movements.

The duodenum also produces other hormones such as pancreozymin and secretin, which stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice, as well as cholecystokinin, which promotes the release of bile when fatty substances are ingested. Enterokinin, produced in the intestinal mucosa, stimulates the secretion of juice in this organ.

Interestingly, these hormones are produced in different parts of the digestive system and perform different functions, but they all regulate digestive processes without the participation of the endocrine glands.

Although these hormones are not associated with the endocrine glands, they play an important role in regulating digestive processes. Knowing about them can help people who suffer from certain digestive problems, stomach and intestinal diseases, including diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. In this case, excess sugar penetrates into the blood and tissues. People suffering from diabetes should control their disease if it is detected early and treated correctly.

Treatment of diabetes includes a number of rules, the main one of which is maintaining a balanced intake of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Diabetics should not eat bread, potatoes, rice, pastries, grapes, figs and other foods containing sugar. This is because consuming sugar and carbohydrates can increase blood sugar levels in people suffering from diabetes. Instead, they should eat protein-rich foods, vegetables, low-sugar fruits, and high-fiber grains.

In addition to eating right, treating diabetes may include medications, insulin therapy, and exercise. It is important to stay in contact with your doctor and follow his recommendations to control your blood sugar levels and prevent possible complications.

In conclusion, hormones secreted in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines are an important mechanism for regulating digestive processes, not related to the endocrine glands. Proper nutrition and treatment can help people with diabetes control their disease and improve their quality of life.