Lymph formation

Lymph formation (lymphoresorption, lymph flow) is the process of resorption of tissue fluid from the intercellular space into the lymphatic capillaries, which form the basis of the lymphatic system. Normally, lymph formation occurs constantly and ensures the flow of tissue fluid and blood elements into the general bloodstream.

Lymph formation begins in capillaries located on the periphery of organs and tissues. The tissue fluid that forms between the cells and enters the interstitial space from them returns to the blood through the lymphatic capillaries.

Specialized cells—lymphocytes—take part in the process of lymph formation. Lymphocytes are responsible for the formation of antibodies that protect the body from infections and other pathogenic factors. They are also involved in the immune response to various antigens.

The process of lymph formation is of great importance for maintaining homeostasis - the constancy of the internal environment of the body. It ensures the normal functioning of organs and systems, as well as protection against infections and other diseases.

Lymphological vessels are specific sinusoids that pass through various organs and tissues of the body. These arteries transport tissue fluid through all internal organs, so they are the main arteries for lymph flow. Lymphatic vessels are connected to blood vessels through anastomoses - special connecting formations. Thanks to this, almost all tissue fluid enters the bloodstream.

Lymphoblasts are formed by meiosis of progenitor cells. Then they sequentially differentiate into small young cells - lymphoblasts. They enter various tissues and organs of the macroorganism, where they come into contact with other cells, produce certain chemical signals and cause many biochemical changes. During this process, lymphocytes are formed from progenitor cells into mature plasma B cells and antibodies. Finally, through the lymphatic system, lymphocytes reach the central lymph node, where they coordinate the immune response.

Each stage of lymph formation is dynamic and variable. Once information about a cell or protein is transmitted to a lymphocyte, it provokes strong activation and some active lymphocytes become T cells, which have the ability to attack cellular molecules of foreign agents. Any extracellular substances that enter the human body can cause activation of lymphocytes. This activation can occur through various processes, including synaptic transmission, inflammation, apoptosis, etc. The mechanisms and details of this activation become the object of study in every new scientific work.

One of the most important stages of lymph formation is the synthesis of specific protein antibodies. Specific antibodies are formed in response to the presence of an infectious agent and are synthesized by plasma cells. They are large B lymphocytes and are produced in the bone marrow. Plasma cells migrate to other parts of the body through the process of migration. During this process, they react to specific antigens and differentiate into plasma cells, and then IgA, IgM or IgG are formed and released into the blood serum. By studying the physiology of immunogenesis, scientists seek to better understand the mechanisms of the immune response and the pathways of lymph formation.

Lipid transport, which consists in the ability of the apoprotein-antigen complex to transport soluble antigen in the tumor area, stimulating antibody formation, is known as the phenomenon of the two-signal system. In this case, from the moment the apoprotein antigen enters the tissue until the appearance of the receptor on the first cells of the LZ (castration secretory zone), no stimulus is required. The presence of receptors on latent cells does not accelerate intracellular reproduction, i.e.