Posttransfusion reaction

Post-transfusion reaction: understanding and precautions

A post-transfusion reaction, also known as a blood transfusion reaction, is a complication that can occur after a blood transfusion. This condition occurs as a result of the interaction of components of the transfused blood with the recipient's immune system. In rare cases, a post-transfusion reaction can lead to serious complications and threaten the patient's life. Therefore, it is important to understand this reaction, its symptoms and precautions.

The causes of post-transfusion reactions can be varied. One of the most common reasons is a blood type mismatch between the donor and recipient. For example, when transfusion of blood with the wrong group (wrong Ab and/or Rh) the recipient's immune system may react to foreign antigens, which leads to activation of immune components and the development of a reaction.

Symptoms of a post-transfusion reaction may vary depending on the type and severity of the reaction. Mild reactions may include fever, chills, arthralgia (joint pain), and chest discomfort. More serious cases may include skin rash, hives, difficulty breathing, angioedema, or even anaphylactic shock.

If a post-transfusion reaction is suspected, symptoms should be reported to medical personnel immediately. Doctors and nurses who provide blood transfusions are trained to recognize and manage these reactions. They will use appropriate measures to ensure the patient's safety, including stopping the transfusion, initiating treatment for symptoms, and maintaining vital signs.

Preventing post-transfusion reactions is an important goal. Doctors and medical personnel should carefully screen the blood of the donor and recipient to minimize the risk of blood type mismatch. For this, various methods and tests are used, including determining blood groups and Rh compatibility. In addition, medical personnel should closely monitor the patient during and after the transfusion to promptly recognize and treat a reaction if it does occur.

In conclusion, posttransfusion reaction is a serious complication that can occur after blood transfusion. Blood group mismatch between the donor and recipient is one of the most common causes of this reaction. It is important to know the symptoms and take precautions to prevent and manage post-transfusion reactions. Health care personnel play an important role in patient safety and should be trained to recognize and handle such reactions. Collaborative efforts by physicians, nurses, and other health care providers will help reduce risk and ensure successful blood transfusions.

In medicine, a post-transfusion reaction is the occurrence in a recipient (a person to whom blood or its components are transfused; in this case, a blood donor) of an allergic or other undesirable reaction after a transfusion of blood or its components: complications arising at the site of administration of foreign protein drugs; hemolytic reaction when infused with incompatible blood. Most often, post-transfusion reactions occur within the first five days after transplantation. The occurrence of complications depends on many reasons, but the most important are: errors in dosage during the procedure; incomplete match between the donor’s blood group and the reciprocal chain

Post-transfusion reactions (PTS reactions) are the body’s reactions to a blood transfusion, manifested by various symptoms and complications of a different nature. Blood transfusions do not always occur without complications - approximately every second patient experiences various symptoms after a blood transfusion. In essence, the PTS reaction is the same blood transplantation, but its results are manifested by various reactions in the recipient. Blood-transferred factors can cause anaphylactic shock or thrombosis complicated by endovasculitis. In addition, there are a number of other possible reactions that lead to serious consequences for

**Post-transfusion reactions after blood transfusion:** For a transfusion, not only blood is needed. It is very difficult to predict any complications during transfusion. Everything is important here: from the quality of the blood to the qualifications of the person to whom it is transfused. But it happens that the successful outcome of a transfusion is influenced by factors that could not be influenced. Then they talk about **post-transfusion reactions**. Normally, blood is contained in the bloodstream, i.e. blood vessels maintain a certain pressure in it. If the blood seems to return to the lungs (we are talking about pulmonary circulatory hypoxia), then this can lead to the “**crash syndrome**” syndrome. It is believed that the causes of this syndrome are exudation of blood into the alveoli of the lungs and a relatively low pH value in inspired air and arterial blood, increased ICP as a result of impaired outflow of cerebrospinal fluid from the brain, constriction of the airways by vascular spasm, vasospasm of cerebral vessels, cardiac damage, and volume reduction blood in the recipient, contributing to the deterioration of blood supply to internal organs. Against this background, blood pressure may decrease, heart rate may increase, and signs of pulmonary embolism may appear.

If we talk about platelets, then after their transfusion, **thrombocytopenic hemorrhagic syndrome** or the life-threatening disease “**immune thrombocytopenia**” may occur. The mechanism of its development is the formation of monoclones of antilymphocyte antibodies, which contribute to the leaching of living, normal, full-fledged lymphoid cells from hematopoietic tissues. Such an inversion of the immune system can be generalized and generalized-hypoimmune in intensity.

Another common reason for the development of post-transfusion reactions is the so-called false-positive transfusion transudation, which occurs only in some cases during mass blood transfusion. The patient develops **symptoms