At what temperature of water can you get burned?

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Hot water in an apartment or house is no longer a luxury, but a common necessity. In our new apartment building, the hot water is sometimes not hot at all, but warm, which causes fair indignation among the residents and complaints to the Management Company. Hot water is more expensive, so it is more profitable for us to dilute it with cheaper cold water to obtain the same final temperature. But is it only worth fighting for economic gain? Let's figure out what the tap water temperature standards are based on.

The laws of many countries, including ours, establish safety standards for various services, including hot tap water.

The two main factors influencing the choice of water temperature are: bacterial growth and possible burns. These two factors act in opposite directions. On the one hand, the water temperature should be such that harmful bacteria are killed, on the other hand, the temperature of hot water should not lead to burns (especially in children's institutions and hospitals).

One of the most dangerous bacteria is Legionella. Legionella (Legionella bacteria) is a gram-negative rod measuring up to 3 microns. The natural habitat of the bacterium is fresh, warm water.

Very often, these bacteria are bred in air conditioning, heating, and humidification systems. Legionellosis is a disease of large cities in industrialized countries. The disease is very serious, leading to complications. An outbreak of Legionella pneumonia was recorded in the Middle Urals in July 2007 in Verkhnyaya Pyshma. The infection entered the apartments through the hot water supply system due to violation of the requirements for flushing pipes and draining water. More than 160 townspeople ended up in hospitals, 5 people died. Also, an outbreak of Legionella pneumonia was recorded between November 22, 2011 and May 22, 2012 among tourists vacationing at the Calp Hotel in Spain; 23 cases of Legionnaires' disease were recorded, 4 of which were fatal.

Effect of temperature on Legionella bacteria

70°C – 80°C Disinfection area

66°C Legionella kills in 2 minutes

60°C Legionella kills in 32 minutes

55°C Legionella dies in 5-6 hours

20°C - 45°C Legionella multiplies rapidly

20°C and below Legionella does not reproduce

Based on the data presented, to neutralize water, it should be heated to a high temperature. However, tap water temperatures exceeding 50 °C can be obtained skin surface burns. At temperatures above 70 °C, a deep burn occurs.

Effect of water temperature on skin

65°C partial skin burn in 2 seconds

60°C partial skin burn in 5 seconds.

55°C partial skin burn in 15 seconds.

50°C partial skin burn in 90 seconds.

Thus, in tanks for heating and storing hot water, the temperature must be high in order to neutralize the water. At the same time, water should not be supplied to the consumer very hot, in order to prevent skin burns in case of accidental shutdown of cold water. The standards that are established for places of mass consumption of water (hotels, schools, hospitals, etc.) are approximately the following: shower 41°C, washbasin 41°C, bath 44°C. To ensure this, special thermostatic mixers are used. It should be noted, however, that most cases of legionellosis infection were observed in people who stayed in hotels.

Another option is not to use faucets, but to mix the water flowing from two taps (cold and hot) in the sink or bathtub. In this case, you can supply very hot water to the tap. Such systems can often be seen in English houses.

As a rule, in Russia, very high temperature water is supplied to residential buildings with a centralized water supply. But it is not uncommon, especially in new homes, for water pressure and temperature to decrease, which can certainly lead to the development of harmful bacteria in the pipes. Therefore, the problem with the temperature of hot water in our (and in other) houses is a serious problem that is associated not only with overpayments for housing and communal services, but also with the health of the residents of the house.

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Burn (thermal)- local (local) damage to tissues when their temperature increases to 45–50 ° C and higher as a result of the action of flame, hot liquids, steam, heated solids.

There are four degrees of burns based on the depth of tissue damage:

1st degree - redness of the skin (erythema);

2nd degree - formation of bubbles;

FOR degree — partial or complete necrosis of the Malpighian (germ) layer of the skin;

ZB degree - complete necrosis of the skin throughout its thickness;

4th degree - necrosis of the skin and underlying tissues.

The mechanism of burns is associated with the development of an inflammatory reaction at the site of action of the thermal agent and coagulation of proteins, leading to cell death and tissue necrosis.

Burn disease- functional disorders of internal organs and systems caused by extensive (more than 10–15% of the body surface) and deep burns.

There are four periods of development of burn disease:

1. Burn shock - for extensive and deep burns, more than 15% of the body surface, and in children and elderly people - even for smaller areas. In the first 12–36 hours, capillary permeability sharply increases in the burn area, which leads to a significant release of fluid from the vessels into the tissue. At the site of injury, a large amount of edematous fluid evaporates, and the volume of circulating blood decreases. Leading pathogenetic factors: hypovolemia, pain irritation and increased vascular permeability.

2. General toxemia— develops as a result of autointoxication with tissue breakdown products at the burn site (denatured protein, biologically active amines, polypeptides, etc.) and the production of specific burn autoantibodies (burn autoantigens specific to this type of injury are detected in the skin);

3. Septicotoxemia(attachment of infection);

4. Convalescence(recovery).

Overheating (hyperthermia)- temporary increase in body temperature due to the accumulation of excess heat (with difficulty in heat transfer processes and the effect of high ambient temperatures).

Reasons for the development of overheating:

· environmental factors:

- high ambient temperature (at an ambient temperature of about 33°C, heat transfer from the body surface due to convection and thermal radiation stops; at higher temperatures, heat transfer is possible only due to the evaporation of sweat from the surface of the skin);

— high humidity (overheating may develop already at 33–34°C due to the cessation of sweat separation or evaporation);

- water deficiency in the body and due to its loss through sweat;

· the presence of agents that interfere with the implementation of the body’s heat transfer mechanisms;

· separation of oxidation and phosphorylation processes in mitochondria.

An increase in body temperature is accompanied by:

· a sharp increase in respiratory movements (irritation of the respiratory center with heated blood), thermal shortness of breath develops;

Increased heart rate and increased blood pressure;

· due to water loss through increased sweating, blood thickening occurs, electrolyte metabolism is disrupted, and hemolysis of red blood cells increases;

· damage to various tissues leads to the accumulation of toxic products of their breakdown;

· due to the destruction of VII, VIII, X and other plasma factors, blood clotting is impaired.

Overstrain of the thermoregulatory mechanisms leads to their exhaustion, followed by inhibition of the functions of the central nervous system, respiratory depression, cardiac function, decreased blood pressure and, as a consequence, deep hypoxia.

Heatstroke - acute overheating of the body with a rapid increase in body temperature or prolonged exposure to high ambient temperatures.

Death from heat stroke occurs from paralysis of the respiratory center.

The effect of low temperature can cause hypothermia, frostbite and, in case of chronic cold injury, cold neurovasculitis.

Hypothermia.Decrease in rectal temperature below 35°C.

The following phases are distinguished in pathogenesis

1. Compensation. Reactions are aimed at limiting heat transfer: reflex vasospasm, decreased sweating, slowed breathing. Increased heat production: muscle tremors (chills), increased glycogenolysis processes in the liver and muscles, increased blood glucose levels, increased basal metabolism.

2. Decompensation. With prolonged exposure to low temperatures. Body temperature decreases, muscle tremors stop, oxygen consumption and the intensity of metabolic processes decrease, and peripheral blood vessels dilate. As a result of inhibition of the functions of the cerebral cortex and inhibition of the subcortical and bulbar centers, blood pressure decreases, the heart rate slows down, and the frequency of respiratory movements progressively weakens and decreases. All vital functions gradually fade away. Death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory center.

The severity of hypothermia.

· Easy degree: rectal temperature 33–35°C. The skin is pale or moderately bluish, goose bumps, chills, and difficulty speaking appear. The pulse slows to 60–66 beats per minute. Blood pressure is normal or slightly elevated. Breathing is not impaired. Frostbite of I-II degrees is possible.

· Average degree: rectal temperature 31–33°C, characterized by severe drowsiness, depression of consciousness, and a blank look. The skin is pale, bluish, sometimes marbled, and cold to the touch. The pulse slows down to 50–60 beats per minute, weak filling. Blood pressure decreased slightly. Breathing is rare - up to 8-12 per minute, shallow. Frostbite of the face and extremities of I–IV degrees is possible.

· Severe degree: Rectal temperature below 31°C. There is no consciousness, convulsions and vomiting are observed. The skin is pale, bluish, and cold to the touch. The pulse slows down to 36 beats per minute, weak filling, and there is a pronounced decrease in blood pressure. Breathing is rare, shallow - up to 3-4 per minute. Severe and widespread frostbite up to glaciation is observed.

Hibernation - an artificial decrease in body temperature in medical practice, achieved under anesthesia using physical influences, is used to reduce the body's need for oxygen and prevent temporary cerebral ischemia.

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The degree of burn is based on the results of exposure. .

First-degree burns, the mildest, affect only the surface layer of the skin (epidermis). There is redness and swelling in the burned area, which are clearly visible on healthy skin or mucous membrane. They disappear for the most part, without being accompanied by general disturbances on the part of the body.

The second degree is called vesicular. deeper damage, suppuration. scars may remain. Up to 10% of the body...

The third already leads to tissue necrosis. The skin does not recover from third-degree burns; it is replaced by scar tissue, which subsequently wrinkles and tightens the surrounding tissue.

The degree of the burn often cannot be determined in the first days, since blisters appear at the site of the superficial burn, and necrosis is sometimes revealed only in subsequent days.
With prolonged exposure to high temperatures, charring of tissues or entire limbs can occur. This charring occurs in burns caused by molten metal.

The average normal temperature of a healthy person: 36.6 degrees.

Therefore, if you drink, for example, hot water with a temperature of 60 degrees, you will certainly die. Let's go into more detail.

Firstly, due to a sharp change in temperature. After all, this heat will affect not only your stomach and food tube, but also your body temperature. You will instantly feel dizzy and have a headache.
Okay, I won’t dwell on this for too long, I’ll move on to the skin burn.

Skin burns can vary in severity. After all, skin is different everywhere. For example, the skin on the face is much more sensitive. Therefore, it is more likely to get burned than, for example, the skin on the leg.
Hair also has an effect on this.

In general, if we’re talking about burns, it’s different for each person. But the interval is not that big. +-1-3 degrees.