Stigmas Professional

Professional stigmas (stigmata professionalia; synonyms: professional signs, professional signs) are changes and deformations of the human body that arise as a result of prolonged performance of the same type of professional actions.

Occupational stigmas include: calluses and corns on the hands of workers engaged in heavy physical labor; hypertrophy of the extensor muscles of the fingers in pianists; deformation of the spine and limbs in dancers; flat feet and bowed legs in salespeople who are forced to stand and walk for long periods of time; characteristic changes in the vocal cords of singers and speakers.

Occupational stigmas arise when performing monotonous work in non-physiological positions, as well as due to prolonged microtrauma and overload of certain muscle groups and joints. To prevent stigmas, it is necessary to follow labor safety rules, use personal protective equipment, take breaks from work and perform special exercises to relieve overstrained muscle groups.

Stigmas of occupational diseases (occupational)

**Occupational stigmas** are changes in the skin and its elements that arise as a result of the adverse impact of production factors on a person through an external agent or through central function regulators.

There are **two forms of illness** - infectious (poisoning, burns, frostbite, mechanical injury, vitamin deficiency) and toxic (the effect of poisons and toxic substances on the body of workers).

**The most common professional stigmas are:** + pityriasis staining or flaking of the skin, scaly papules, excoriations + multiple stagnant spots of different sizes and shades + blisters, erosions + cracks + scars + telangiectasia + oozing, swelling

The appearance of the changed areas of the skin does not always correspond to the severity of the injury (for example, burn disease); this is due to imperfect examination methods. For example, in the widespread bullous stage (necrotic - stage zero), the pityriasis-like pale area superficially resembles a limited form of carbuncle, so many health care doctors regard such changes as a special disease. Pityriasis lesion is determined by the presence of a skin defect up to 3 cm in size, most often localized along the edge of the stratum corneum, less often on the surface. The least characteristic is pityriasis-flaky damage to the stratum corneum in exfoliative cheilitis or idiopathic pityriasis dermatitis in the elderly. As a rule, in the process of morphological study, atrophy of the epidermis with telangiectasias and paresis of its granular layer are revealed. In this case, an accurate diagnosis of the industrial nature of the skin lesion is impossible. An altered area of ​​skin that has a pronounced dark brown color, a whitish tint (after exposure to diesel fuel), painless, sometimes hyper- or hypothermic, has a round shape, up to 2-3 mm in size, is usually described as an exogenous scar or condyloma. In such cases, it is necessary to conduct a detailed histological examination. Usually the dermis is infiltrated by plasma cells with the presence of small and medium-sized homogeneous nuclei; Lipophages and macrophages are visible among the cellular elements. Granules containing detritus in the form of amoebic cells, cartilage and bone tissue are located subepidermally; lymphoid infiltration is often noted. Under the epidermis there is a moderate amount of fibrous tissue with an admixture of connective tissue fibers. Microthromboses of blood vessels are single or multiple. Cellular elements are represented by lymphoid infiltrates. A characteristic sign of occupational stigmas such as eczema is a circumscribed heel-shaped papule of gray-pink color, slightly painful on palpation, prone to peripheral growth. The papule usually has a saucer-shaped characteristic and a small amount of yellowish-whitish monomorphic fine scaly plaque, which is easily removed with tweezers. After