Afferentation Reverse

Introduction

Reverse afferentation, or afferent synthesis, is the principle of operation of a functional system, which is a constant assessment of a useful adaptive (positive) result by the acceptor of the result of an action. Depending on the values ​​obtained, this result can be considered successful (positive effect) or insufficient (negative effect), after which the corresponding feedback signal (corticopetal afferentation) is sent to the system.

Afferent perception and functional act The principles associated with feedback afferentation are the mechanisms of perception that allow the brain to establish a connection between stimuli coming from the external environment and our internal states. In itself, such a mechanism represents the unconscious ability to perceive the shape, color, texture of objects and their properties. Our senses evaluate such characteristics of objects, and then the result is realized by us through memories, experiences and the perception of abstract ideas. This process is an integral element of our experience, determining our subjective perception of the surrounding reality.

Thus, the mechanisms of perception form a complex mechanism, including reverse afferentation and the associated act of proprioception. Proprioception helps us assess our current level of bodily health and physical activity, which in turn determines the success of future activities. The combination of these factors forms the basis of the mechanism of conscious movement and is involved in the formation of working behavior, serving as the central link between action and result. In this vein, an important role is played by the principle of afferent feedback, which interprets the results of proprioception directly during the event.

It is important to note that the principle of afferent feedback also plays a key role in the formation of the emotional state - being a link between the assessment of the results of our actions and our emotions and thoughts. In addition, these mechanisms underlie the formation of habits and socialization in society, as they contribute to the formation of behavior patterns and interaction within a social group.

Let's move on to consider the mechanisms of afferent synthesis in more detail. The afferent feedback system in physiology is a system of nerve pathways and cellular formations involved in controlling the body's reflex readiness to respond to external stimuli. Parasympathetic afferents, which transmit sensations from the somatosensory organs, are predominantly involved in afferent synthesis, forming proprioceptive reactions to body movement and muscle tone. These reactions are determined by muscle activity and tone, controlled by the muscles and nervous system.

It is worth noting that the role of receptor systems in afferent-synthetic regulation is important, but is not limited to it - connections with the subcortical formations of the brain, the basal ganglia, the limbic system, the amygdala and the hypothalamus also play a significant role

Afferentation is the process of converting the energy of the external environment into various forms of reactions of the body. During afferent influence, external stimuli act not only on certain receptors, but also on tissues located in the overlying parts of the central nervous system. The reception of afferents from the skin, sensory organs, and musculoskeletal system is influenced by many factors. They determine the state of biologically active points, provide regulation of the level of metabolism, energy supply for life processes, and the functional properties of organs and systems of the body. A special place in the afferent process belongs to the sense organs. The afferent influx of information through them is diverse and rich. Based on this, the functional system responsible for the perception of affective stimuli is called sensory. An insufficient amount of afferent impulse or the absence of a physiological signal indicates a loss of sensory function. Violation of any analyzer leads to the occurrence of agnosia - a decrease or loss of the ability to analyze some type of perception. Although the activation reaction in response to an affective stimulus underlies most afferent reactions, aleitor afferentation (afferentation) is disrupted with the appearance of various diseases, neuroses, including blindness. Further development of research showed the inadequacy of a simple comparison of perceived data with behavioral stereotypes learned throughout life; it is necessary to analyze situations, compare them with your experience, based on your goals. Nonspecific stimuli that signal the physical and moral “cost” of the result take the greatest part in reverse afferentation (the map of reverse afferentation). Estimating the costs of achieving a goal is also related to the degree of confidence (or uncertainty) in its implementation. Ultimately, reverse afferentation provides information indicating the optimal relationship between the achieved result of an activity and the costs of obtaining it, i.e., guidelines for the subject’s behavior in a new, not entirely familiar environment. E. A. Golubeva notes that with just his arrival, the researcher refracts the ready-made evolutionary situation (basis) from a more effective angle for subsequent stages of the system’s development. We can say that the results of research activities are manifested through products, the influence of which on the environment will lead to the acquisition of more rational information content, and therefore will increase the possibility of adaptive reactions of the researchers’ body. The contribution of science to the system of noogenic values ​​is expressed in the creation of new forms of socio-historical practice ways of organizing relationships in the process of accumulating public information. The emergence of the transcendental component of the psyche in the form of a mechanism of inverse afferent—belief and scientific method—opens up a wide horizon of phenomena that have entered the history of mankind under the general concept of “culture.” The independence of culture is so high that when they talk about a “new cultural era,” they mean the onset of qualitatively new properties of the interaction of culture with other components of the human