Amensalism

Amensalism is a type of interspecies relationship in which one species has a negative effect on another species, while it itself does not experience any feedback.

Amensalism often occurs in nature. A classic example of amensalism is the relationship between an oak tree and a fern. Oak produces substances toxic to ferns (tannins), which inhibit the growth of ferns in the immediate vicinity of the oak. However, the oak itself does not suffer in any way from the presence of fern.

Another example of amensalism is competition between plant species for light. Tall plants shade short ones, which leads to inhibition of their growth and development. At the same time, tall plants receive an advantage in access to light and do not experience the negative influence of short plants.

Thus, amensalism is a form of interaction in which one species gains unilateral advantages to the detriment of another species. This type of relationship is important to consider when studying the structure and dynamics of natural communities.