Atelectasis Hypoventilation

Atelectasis Hypoventilation forms Description Atelectasis is a pathological condition of the lung, characterized by a decrease or loss of air volume due to the cessation of excursion during breathing, collapse of the walls of the acinus, bronchioles, or anatomical narrowing of the bronchi or expansion of their lumen, including as a result of obstruction. There are three types of atelectasis: - Functional - occurs when there is obstruction (closing of the lumen) of the respiratory bronchus from the outside;

With peripheral obstructive damage to the lung tissue, it leads to bronchial obstruction (lack of bronchial secretion), interferes with normal oxygen uptake, displacement of the diaphragm and a decrease in the volume of the pectoral muscles. Functional atelectasis is characterized by restoration of function after removal of obstruction, hyperventilation of the alveolar airways, inhalational anesthetics, and muscle relaxants. Functional atelectasis can develop during any asthmatic attack, but can also be interictal, and can also be observed in the form of unilateral or bilateral collapse in any part of the lungs at the time of treatment. In most cases, they disappear without treatment after restoration of bronchial patency, although sometimes they persist for a long time, making breathing even more difficult. As a rule, the degree of atelectoid lung lavage is maximum during symptomatic attacks of bronchial asthma. During an attack, mucus passes into the alveolar airways, collecting in the bronchial tree valve. The chloride content from mucolytics additionally obstructs the bronchi. An increased content of chlorinated ions in the patient’s body provokes atelectosis. Inflammatory products change the pH around these chemicals, which causes spasm of bronchial smooth muscle. There is also a contraction of the bronchial walls due to the interaction of allergens with antigens. Dust lying near a living space provokes an increased reaction of bronchopulmonary tissues, increasing the pace and strength of inflammatory processes. Therefore, the condition will worsen, and atelectosis will be in full swing. Exacerbations can be provoked by inhaled vapors of isocyanate, radon, sulfur dioxide or acrolein, which provoke spasms of smooth bronchial muscles. Also negative consequences are the influence of free radicals provoked by these substances, allergens during infection, an increase in the level of adrenaline production by the adrenal glands against the background of severe stress, stomach disease, decreased appetite, obesity, tuberculosis and other conditions. Hypoatelectasis can be caused by severe physical fatigue, hypothermia, constant irritation of the respiratory tract with dry, hot or cold air, poor nutrition with a deficiency of protein or vitamins, an enlarged uterus during pregnancy, and lack of normal air hygiene in a humid and dusty climate. The condition predisposes to this when sleeping on the back due to the accumulation of viscous mucus and difficult to separate secretions in the lower lobe alveoli, the addition of bacteria that populate the lung cavities. In children, pulmonary atelectation may occur due to the use of inhalation through a nebulizer.