Neurulation

Neurulation is the process of transformation of the gastrula in animal embryos into a neurula, which is a neural tube surrounded by mesoderm tissue. Neurulation occurs during the neurulation stage in vertebrates and invertebrates.

Gastrula is the stage of embryonic development in which the formation of germ layers occurs. The gastrula consists of two layers - endoderm and mesoderm, which subsequently form somites and mesoderm, respectively. The endoderm forms the ectoderm, and the mesoderm forms the coelomia.

The process of neurulation is one of the most important stages in the development of vertebrates. During neurulation, neural structures emerge that will later form the brain and spinal cord. This process occurs in most vertebrates and is completely completed only at the metamerism stage.

One of the main problems encountered in the neurulation pathway is the interaction between embryonic cells. This interaction is based on a complex system of adhesive junctions that connect neighboring cells in the embryo. Signaling factors that regulate the processes of cell migration and differentiation also play an important role. However, in addition to cell interactions, the process of neurulation is also influenced by external factors, such as external chemicals (including those contained in the egg) and growth factors. The regulation of cell division and movement processes in the early stages of embryogenesis depends on these factors.