Asplenism

Asplenism is a condition in which a person lacks a spleen. This may be a congenital or acquired disease.

With congenital asplenism, the spleen does not develop during the prenatal period. This is a rare genetic disorder that is often associated with other developmental defects.

Acquired asplenism occurs as a result of surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) or atrophy of spleen tissue due to diseases such as sickle cell disease.

The absence of a spleen leads to impaired immunity and an increased risk of infections, especially those caused by encapsulated bacteria. Also, patients with asplenism have an increased risk of thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia.

Diagnosis of asplenism is based on medical history, clinical picture and imaging studies (ultrasound, CT, MRI).

Treatment is aimed at preventing infections through vaccination, antibiotic prophylaxis, and teaching the patient to recognize the symptoms of infection. Anemia and thrombocytopenia are also corrected. In case of congenital asplenism, surgical implantation of splenic tissue may be required.