Favism

Favism: A genetic disease associated with the sensitivity of red blood cells to legumes

Favism is an inherited defect in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) that causes red blood cells to become hypersensitive to certain chemicals found in legumes. When exposed to these substances, red blood cells are destroyed, leading to a condition known as hemolysis. Hemolysis may be accompanied by severe anemia, and in some cases blood transfusion may be required to restore normal blood levels.

Favism is a common disease in Mediterranean countries and Iran, where the high frequency of carriers of the defective G6PDG gene is due to historical and geographical factors. However, cases of favism can also occur in other regions, especially among people with Mediterranean and Iranian roots.

The symptoms and course of favism may vary depending on the sensitivity of the red blood cells and the amount of legumes consumed. Some people with favism may experience symptoms after eating even small amounts of legumes, while others can tolerate moderate consumption without any apparent effects. However, with significant consumption of legumes or with exposure to other factors that promote hemolysis, such as certain medications or infections, severe anemia requiring medical intervention may occur.

The diagnosis of favism is usually based on clinical symptoms, medical history, and laboratory tests that show the presence of increased red blood cell destruction. Early detection and diagnosis of favism can help patients avoid legumes and other substances that can cause hemolysis, thereby preventing the development of anemia.

Treatment for favism includes avoidance of legumes and other known causes of hemolysis. Patients are also advised to inform medical staff about their condition to avoid prescribing medications that may worsen hemolysis. In cases with severe anemia or complications, blood transfusion may be required to restore normal blood levels.

In conclusion, favism is a genetic disorder that results in increased sensitivity of red blood cells to legumes and can lead to hemolysis and anemia. It is typical for Mediterranean countries and Iran, but can also occur in other regions among people with corresponding genetic predispositions. Diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations and laboratory tests, and treatment includes avoidance of legumes and other causes of hemolysis. Early detection and precautions can help patients with favism avoid complications and maintain their health.

Favism is an inherited disease that is associated with increased sensitivity of red blood cells to chemicals contained in legumes. This leads to the destruction of red blood cells, which can lead to severe anemia requiring blood transfusion. Favism is characteristic of the Mediterranean countries and Iran.

Favism is caused by a defect in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which plays an important role in protecting red blood cells from damage by free radicals and other oxidative substances. When red blood cells are hypersensitive to chemicals such as fava beans, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase cannot effectively protect the cells from damage, resulting in hemolysis.

Fava beans, also known as peas, beans and soybeans, are major sources of vitamins, minerals and protein for many people. However, for people with favism, consuming these foods can lead to serious consequences. Symptoms of favism may include pale skin, weakness, fatigue, jaundice, hemoglobinuria (the appearance of hemoglobin in the urine), abdominal and kidney pain.

Favism is often inherited from one of the parents who are carriers of the defective G6PD gene. Favism occurs more often in men than in women, since the gene is inherited on the X chromosome. Women have two copies of the G6PD gene, one on each X chromosome, so they can carry the defective gene but not have the phenotypic manifestations of favism.

Diagnosis of favism is made by measuring the level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the blood or by performing a favism test, which involves injecting fava bean extract under the skin and observing the body's reaction.

Treatment for favism involves avoiding contact with legume products and other chemicals that can cause hemolysis. In severe cases, blood transfusion may be required.

In conclusion, favism is a serious disease that can lead to severe consequences. People with favism should avoid consuming legumes and other chemicals that can cause hemolysis and seek medical attention if symptoms occur.